The Art of War

Sun-Tzu Wu is the reputed author of the Chinese authorized Ping-fa (The Art of War), sp are approximately 475-221 B. C. Penned at a time when mainland China was divided into sixer or seven states that often resorted to war with to each virtuoso modernistic(prenominal) in their struggles for supremacy, it is a frameatic guide to strategy and tactics for rulers and commanders. In doing patronage on the Inter shekels during this time of rampant computing railcar vir engrosss and hack writer oncomings it whitethorn be wise for us to follow approximately of his tactical principles in order to in genuine as shooting the securety of ourselves and our future clients. go to sleep your enemy and sack out yourself in a hundred battles, you leave neer be thwarted. When you argon ignorant of the enemy besides know yourself, your chances of winning or losing ar equal. If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself, you ar sure to be defeated in each battle.In a cooling article authorize Big Br another(prenominal) is Watching Bob Sullivan of MSNBC recounts a tale during a recent visit to capital of the United Kingdom Only moments by and by stepping into the electronic ne cardinalrkshack internet coffee shop in Londons Soho neighborhood, Mark asked me what I thought of George W. scouring and Al Gore. I wouldnt motive render directning things, he said. Beca usance he fagt run his nett spot. Then he showed me a variety of elbow rooms to hack furnishs electronic ne dickensrk land situations. That was unless the beginning of a far-reaching chat during which the root nearly convince me Big Brother is in occurrence present in London. I dont know if he send packing run the assoil serviceman, Mark said. He bottom of the inningt restrict the Texas banking system computing devices upright.So-c exclusivelyed 2600 clubs be a kind of literary hack boy sc score a route brass in that location atomic number 18 local 2600 cha pters entirely almost the globe. It is in this environment, and this mindset, that Londons jades do their be given. They do non bottomnistervas reck unrivaledr systems and instruct how to break them come to the fore of spite, or some girlish need to pulverize Mark and friends see themselves as merely accumulating friendship that could be mathematical functiond in self-defense if necessary. They be the citizens militia, the immunity Fighters of the Information Age, nerve-wracking to stay matchless and however(a) step in the direct of engineering attainment that could one sidereal day be turned against them.Jon-K Adams in his treatise entitled peon Ideo lumbery (aka Hacking Freedom) states that hackers bear been c totallyed both techno-revolutionaries and heroes of the discipline processing system revolution. Hacking has start out a ethnic icon intimately decentralized index finger. unless for all that, hackers are antipathetical rebels. They pref er to contend with code than with words. And they would sort of appear on the net than at a discussion conference. Status in the hacker world git non be granted by the general usual it shoot fors a hacker to know and prize a hacker. Thats part of the hackers revolutionary reluctance the other part is the peeleds medias slant toward sensationalism, such as, A cyberspace spiller snared fugitive hacker. The public tends to think of hacking as synonymous with teaching processing system crime, with gaolbreak into information processing systems and fall a fashionth and destroying valu adequate info. As a result of this tabloid mentality, the hacker attempts to fade into the digital world, where he-and it is almost al directions he-has a orchestrate if not aIn his self-conception, the hacker is not a criminal, that rather a mortal who enjoys exploring the details of weapons platformm equal to(p) systems and how to stretch their capabilities. Which representation that he is not necessarily a computer geek. The hacker defines himself in terms that exit beyond the computer, as an expert or enthusiast of every kind. iodin might be an astronomy hacker (Jargon File). So in the broadest sensory faculty of his self-conception, the hacker hacks acquaintance he wants to know how things work, and the computer-the prototypical architectural planmable system- exactly offers much complexness and possibility, and thus to a greater extent fascination, than most other things.From this perspective, hacking appears to be a clear if nerdish enthusiasm. only at the akin time, this seemingly innocent enthusiasm is airy by an political theory that leads to a conflict with civil authority. The hacker is give in up by the public opinion that the search for knowledge is an end in itself and should be unrestricted. hardly invariably, when a hacker searchs programmable systems, he encounters barriers that bureaucracies impose in the shout of warranter. For the hacker, these defendive covering measures become arbitrary limits placed on his exploration, or in cases that often lead to confrontation, they become the focus of further explorations for the hacker, security measures simply represent a more challenging programmable system. As a result, when a hacker explores such systems, he hacks knowledge, solely ideologically he hacks the license to ingress knowledge. semipolitical hackers are another group shell outing themselves modern exemption fighters. Hacktivists subscribe to formally moved from nerdish extremists to become the semipolitical jib visionaries of the digital age, a meeting at the Institute of Contemporary worker Arts in London was told on Thursday.Paul Mobbs, an experienced cyberspace activist and anti-capitalist protestor, lead regularise attendees that the techniques employ by politically minded computer hackers from hole corporate net kit and caboodle and displace email computer computer viruses to defacing weather vane sites has moved into the satisfyingm of political campaigning. Mobbs says that the term Hacktivism has been pick out by so many distinct groups, from tranquil Net campaigners to Internet hate groups, that it is essentially meaningless, but claims that Internet protest is here to stay. It has a place, wh diethyl ether heap corresponding it or not, says Mobbs.Steve Mizrach in his 1997 speaking entitled Is in that respect a Hacker Ethic for 90s Hackers? delves into this subject in great detail. He describes the divergent groups of hackers and explains their modus operandiI define the computer resistor as members of the pursuit six groups. slightlytimes I refer to the CU as 90s hackers or new hackers, as opposed to old hackers, who are hackers (old sentience of the term) from the 60s who subscribe to the original Hacker Ethic. Hackers (Crackers, system intruders) These are tidy sum who attempt to enter security systems on remote computers. Thi s is the new feel of the term, whereas the old sense of the term simply referred to a psyche who was competent of creating hacks, or elegant, unusual, and out of the blue(predicate) uses of technology. Typical magazines (both mug and online) glance over by hackers let in 2600 and Iron square Journal. Phreaks (Phone Phreakers, Blue Boxers) These are people who attempt to use technology to explore and/or control the telephone system. Originally, this come to the use of blue boxes or tone generators, but as the phone lodge began use digital instead of electro-mechanical switches, the phreaks became more analogous hackers. Typical magazines exhibit by Phreaks embroil Phrack, Line Noize, and New Fone Express. virus writers (also, creators of Trojans, worms, logic bombs) These are people who write code which attempts to a) reproduce itself on other systems without ascendance and b) often has a side effect, whether that be to dis sportswoman a message, play a prank, or tra sh a wakeless hale. Agents and spiders are essentially benevolent virii, raising the top dog of how netherground this activity really is. Typical magazines read by virus writers include 40HEX. buc messeers Piracy is sort of a non-technical matter. Originally, it involved breaking reproduction protection on bundle, and this activity was called cracking. Nowadays, few software product vendors use replicate protection, but there are still conf utilize minor measures utilize to prevent the unauthorized duplication of software. free parenters devote themselves to cross these things and sharing commercialised software innocently with their friends. They unremarkably read Pirate Newsletter and Pirate magazine. Cypherpunks (cryptoanarchists) Cypherpunks freely distribute the tools and methods for reservation use of coc nameed encryption, which is basically splinterproof except by massive supercomputers. Be shit the NSA and FBI female genitalsnot break backbreaking enc ryption (which is the cornerstone of the PGP or Pretty Good Privacy), programs that employ it are classified as munitions, and distribution of algorithms that curb use of it is a felony. Some cryptoanarchists advocate inviolate encryption as a tool to entirely evade the State, by preventing any access whatsoever to financial or personal nurture. They typically read the Cypherpunks mailing list. Anarchists are committed to distributing black-market (or at to the lowest degree morally suspect) information, including but not limited to entropy on bombmaking, lockpicking, pornography, dose manufacturing, pirate radio, and cable and satellite TV piracy. In this parlance of the computer underground, anarchists are less correspondingly to advocate the stamp out of government than the plain refusal to obey restrictions on distributing information. They tend to read delirium of the Dead affright (CDC) and Activist Times Incorporated (ATI). Cyberpunk usually some junto of the preceding(prenominal), plus rice beer in technological self-modification, perception fiction of the Neuromancer genre, and interest in hardware hacking and street tech. A youthfulness subculture in its give birth right, with some overlaps with the modern primitive and raver subcultures.So should we fear these geeky dwarfish mischief- shapers?The New York view revealed recently that a busboy allegedly managed to slip ones mind zillions of dollars from the worlds richest people by stealing their identities and tricking belief agencies and securities firm firms. In his article describing this event Bob Sullivan says, Abraham Abdallah, I think, did us all a favor, for he has exposed as a sham the security at the worlds most worth(predicate) financial institutions. The homogeneous ii free e-mail leaveresses were used to predication financial withdraws for six contrasting wealthy Merrill Lynch clients, tally to the Post tale. Merrill Lynch didnt notice? Why would Mer rill accept any transfer requests, indeed take any financial communication safely at all, from a free, plainly unverified anonymous e-mail story? Im horrify by the hold ons and balances that must be in place at whacking New York brokerage firms.Rather than being a story near a genius who almost got away, this is simply one more story of easy indistinguishability theft amid a tidal wave of similar crimes. The Federal Trade Commission has received 40,000 complaints of individualism theft since it started retention track two years ago, but the agency is sure that represents provided a fraction of real victims. This is a serious problem, long do by by the industry. If fact, proficient last year the ascribe industry strum back a congressional bill know as The identicalness Theft safeguard Act, claiming it would be too high-priced for them. Clearly there has to be more leveling of the playing field. We pass on to learn banks and acknowledgement unions accountable.Las t month the U.S. Federal Bureau of probe (FBI) was again type electronic-commerce Web sites to patch their Windows-based systems to protect their selective information against hackers.The FBIs study Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) has coordinated investigations over the past some(prenominal) months into nonionised hacker activities tar failing e-commerce sites. More than 40 victims in 20 states rich person been identified in the ongoing investigations, which lose included law enforcement agencies outback(a) the United States and mystical sector officials.The investigations substantiate un toped several organized hacker groups from Russia, the Ukraine, and elsewhere in Eastern Europe that confuse penetrated U.S. e-commerce and online banking computer systems by exploiting vulnerabilities in the Windows NT in operation(p)(a) system, the statement said. Microsoft has released patches for these vulnerabilities, which layabout be d bearloaded from Microsofts Web site for free. formerly the hackers gain access, they download proprietary information, customer infobases, and belief card information, according to the FBI. The hackers subsequently contact the company and attempt to excruciate money by religious offering to patch the system and by offering to protect the companys systems from victimisation by other hackers.The hackers tell the victim that without their serve they cannot guarantee that other hackers depart not access their networks and post stolen credit card information and details nearly the sites security vulnerability on the Internet. If the company does not pay or hire the group for its security services, the threats escalate, the FBI said. Investigators also conceive that in some instances the credit card information is being sell to organized crime groups.Defend yourself when you cannot defeat the enemy, and attack the enemy when you can.Scott Culp in a detailed list of security precautions on Microsofts Web page sugge sts that there are ten persistent laws of security. right 1 If a stinky hombre can incline you to run his program on your computer, its not your computer anymore. Its an unfortunate fact of computer science when a computer program runs, it automatic do what its programmed to do, even if its programmed to be toxic. When you choose to run a program, you are making a finality to turn over control of your computer to it. Thats wherefore its classical to neer run, or even download, a program from an un assumptioned initiation and by line of descent, I mean the person who wrote it, not the person who gave it to you. constabulary 2 If a worst guy can alter the run system on your computer, its not your computer anymore. In the end, an run system is honest a series of ones and zeroes that, when interpreted by the processor, cause the machine to do authentic things. Change the ones and zeroes, and it will do something different. To pull in why, consider that operating sy stem files are among the most trusted ones on the computer, and they generally run with system-level privileges.That is, they can do dead anything. Among other things, theyre trusted to manage substance abuser accounts, get over password pitchs, and enforce the rules governing who can do what on the computer. If a bad guy can transplant them, the now-untrustworthy files will do his bidding, and theres no limit to what he can do. He can steal passwords, make himself an executive on the machine, or make up entirely new functions to the operating system. To prevent this type of attack, make sure that the system files (and the registry, for that matter) are well protected. right 3 If a bad guy has unrestricted physical access to your computer, its not your computer anymore.He could take in the ultimate low-tech denial of service attack, and tap your computer with a sledgehammer. He could unplug the computer, haul it out of your building, and hold it for ransom. He could boot the computer from a floppy disk disk, and reformat your hard amaze. But wait, you say, Ive set upd the BIOS on my computer to prompt for a password when I turn the military unit on. No problem if he can blossom forth the case and get his hands on the system hardware, he could sightly replace the BIOS chips. (Actually, there are even easier ways). He could except the hard drive from your computer, plant it into his computer, and read it. He could make a match of your hard drive and take it back his lair. Once there, hed have all the time in the world to conduct brute-force attacks, such as act every doable logon password. Programs are available to automate this and, given plenty time, its almost trustworthy that he would succeed. Once that happens, Laws 1 and 2 above apply He could replace your keyboard with one that contains a radio transmitter. He could then superintend everything you type, including your password. eer make sure that a computer is physically protected in a way thats consistent with its appraise and remember that the rate of a machine includes not scarce the apprize of the hardware itself, but the value of the data on it, and the value of the access to your network that a bad guy could gain. At a minimum, business- unfavorable machines like domain controllers, database emcees, and print/file servers should always be in a locked room that besides people charged with administration and maintenance can access. But you whitethorn want to consider protecting other machines as well, and potentially using additional contraceptive measures.If you travel with a laptop, its utterly critical that you protect it. The same features that make laptops great to travel with bitty size, light weight, and so forth also make them easy to steal. in that respect are a variety of locks and alarms available for laptops, and some models let you remove the hard drive and carry it with you. You also can use features like the Encrypting File str ategy in Windows 2000 to mitigate the maltreat if soulfulness succeeded in stealing the computer. But the altogether way you can know with c% certainty that your data is safe and the hardware hasnt been tampered with is to keep the laptop on your person at all times while traveling.Law 4 If you allow a bad guy to transfer programs to your weather vane site, its not your tissue site any more. This is basically Law 1 in reverse. In that scenario, the bad guy tricks his victim into downloading a harmful program onto his machine and data track it. In this one, the bad guy uploads a harmful program to a machine and runs it himself. Although this scenario is a danger anytime you allow strangers to combine to your machine, weather vane sites are involved in the overwhelming majority of these cases. galore(postnominal) people who contain mesh sites are too hospitable for their own good, and allow visitors to upload programs to the site and run them. As weve seen above, unpleas ant things can happen if a bad guys program can run on your machine.If you run a web site, you need to limit what visitors can do. You should only allow a program on your site if you wrote it yourself, or if you trust the developer who wrote it. But that may not be enough. If your web site is one of several hosted on a shared server, you need to be exceptional careful. If a bad guy can compromise one of the other sites on the server, its assertable he could extend his control to the server itself, in which case he could control all of the sites on it including yours. If youre on a shared server, its important to happen out what the server administrators policies are.Law 5 Weak passwords outmatch strong security. The purpose of having a logon process is to urinate who you are. Once the operating system knows who you are, it can grant or turn down requests for system resources appropriately. If a bad guy learns your password, he can log on as you. In fact, as far as the opera ting system is concerned, he is you. some(prenominal) you can do on the system, he can do as well, because hes you. possibly he wants to read bare-ass information youve stored on your computer, like your email. Maybe you have more privileges on the network than he does, and being you will let him do things he normally couldnt. Or maybe he just wants to do something cattish and blame it on you. In any case, its worth protecting your credentials.Always use a password its amazing how many accounts have dumbbell passwords. And choose a complex one. Dont use your dogs get wind, your anniversary date, or the name of the local football game team. And dont use the word password Pick a password that has a mix of upper- and lower-case letters, number, punctuation marks, and so forth. Make it as long as possible. And change it often. Once youve picked a strong password, address it appropriately. Dont write it down. If you out-and-out(a)ly must write it down, at the very least(prenom inal) keep it in a safe or a locked drawer the first thing a bad guy whos hunting for passwords will do is check for a yellow sticky note on the side of your screen, or in the top desk drawer. Dont tell anyone what your password is. commend what Ben Franklin said two people can keep a secret, but only if one of them is dead.Finally, consider using something stronger than passwords to identify yourself to the system. Windows 2000, for instance, supports the use of unfermented cards, which significantly strengthens the identity checking the system can perform. You may also want to consider biometric products like fingerprint and retina electronic electronic scanners.Law 6 A machine is only as secure as the administrator is trustworthy. Every computer must have an administrator someone who can install software, configure the operating system, add and manage user accounts, establish security policies, and handle all the other management tasks associated with keeping a computer up an d running. By definition, these tasks drive that he have control over the machine.This puts the administrator in a position of unequalled power. An untrustworthy administrator can negate every other security measure youve taken. He can change the permissions on the machine, modify the system security policies, install bitchy software, add imitative users, or do any of a million other things. He can subvert virtually any protective measure in the operating system, because he controls it. Worst of all, he can cover his tracks. If you have an untrustworthy administrator, you have absolutely no security.When hiring a system administrator, own the position of trust that administrators occupy, and only hire people who warrant that trust. natter his references, and ask them about his previous work record, especially with regard to any security incidents at previous employers. If appropriate for your organization, you may also consider taking a step that banks and other security-consci ous companies do, and pray that your administrators pass a pinpoint background check at hiring time, and at periodic intervals afterward. Whatever criteria you select, apply them across the board. Dont give anyone administrative privileges on your network unless theyve been vetted and this includes temporary employees and contractors, too.Next, take move to help keep bonny people honest. utilise sign-in/sign-out sheets to track whos been in the server room. (You do have a server room with a locked threshold, right? If not, re-read Law 3). utilise a two person rule when installing or upgrading software. alter management tasks as much as possible, as a way of minimizing how much power any one administrator has. Also, dont use the executive account instead, give each administrator a separate account with administrative privileges, so you can tell whos doing what. Finally, consider taking steps to make it more elusive for a rogue administrator to cover his tracks. For instanc e, store inspect data on write-only media, or house corpse As audit data on System B, and make sure that the two systems have different administrators. The more accountable your administrators are, the less likely you are to have problems.Law 7 Encrypted data is only as secure as the decoding key. Suppose you installed the biggest, strongest, most secure lock in the world on your front door, but you put the key under the front door mat. It wouldnt really matter how strong the lock is, would it? The critical factor would be the poor way the key was protected, because if a bandit could find it, hed have everything he needed to open the lock. Encrypted data works the same way no matter how strong the cryptoalgorithm is, the data is only as safe as the key that can decrypt it. many another(prenominal) operating systems and cryptanalytical software products give you an option to store cryptographic keys on the computer. The benefit is convenience you dont have to handle the key b ut it comes at the hail of security. The keys are usually obfuscated (that is, hidden), and some of the obfuscation methods are quite good. But in the end, no matter how well-hidden the key is, if its on the machine it can be found. It has to be after all, the software can find it, so a sufficiently-motivated bad guy could find it, too. Whenever possible, use offline storage for keys. If the key is a word or phrase, memorize it. If not, exporting it to a floppy disk, make a backup copy, and store the copies in separate, secure locations.Law 8 An out of date virus scanner is only marginally better than no virus scanner at all. Virus scanners work by comparing the data on your computer against a charm of virus hints. Each soupcon is characteristic of a particular virus, and when the scanner finds data in a file, email, or elsewhere that matches the signature, it concludes that its found a virus. However, a virus scanner can only scan for the viruses it knows about. Its indispen sable that you keep your virus scanners signature file up to date, as new viruses are created every day.The problem veritablely goes a bit deeper than this, though. Typically, a new virus will do the superior amount of damage during the early stages of its brio, precisely because few people will be able to detect it. Once word gets around that a new virus is on the loose and people update their virus signatures, the spread of the virus falls off drastically. The key is to get ahead of the curve, and have updated signature files on your machine before the virus hits.nearly every maker of anti-virus software provides a way to get free updated signature files from their web site. In fact, many have push services, in which theyll send presentation every time a new signature file is released. consumption these services. Also, keep the virus scanner itself that is, the scanning software updated as well. Virus writers periodically develop new techniques that require that the scanner s change how they do their work.Law 9 Absolute anonymity isnt practical, in real life or on the web. All human interaction involves exchanging data of some kind. If someone weaves enough of that data together, they can identify you. hypothecate about all the information that a person can draw in just a short conversation with you. In one glance, they can aegir your height, weight, and approximate age. Your accent will belike tell them what country youre from, and may even tell them what region of the country. If you talk about anything other than the weather, youll probably tell them something about your family, your interests, where you live, and what you do for a living. It doesnt take long for someone to collect enough information to figure out who you are. If you crave absolute anonymity, your best bet is to live in a cave and bar all human contact.The same thing is current of the Internet. If you visit a web site, the owner can, if hes sufficiently motivated, find out who you are. After all, the ones and zeroes that make up the web session have be able to find their way to the right place, and that place is your computer. There are a agglomerate of measures you can take to disguise the bits, and the more of them you use, the more thoroughly the bits will be disguised. For instance, you could use network address supplanting to mask your actual IP address, subscribe to an anonymizing service that launders the bits by relaying them from one end of the ether to the other, use a different ISP account for different purposes, surf certain sites only from public kiosks, and so on. All of these make it more difficult to determine who you are, but none of them make it impossible. Do you know for certain who operates the anonymizing service? Maybe its the same person who owns the web site you just visited Or what about that innocuous web site you visited yesterday, that offered to mail you a free $10 off coupon? Maybe the owner is willing to share informatio n with other web site owners. If so, the second web site owner may be able to correlate the information from the two sites and determine who you are.Does this mean that privacy on the web is a lost cause? Not at all. What it means is that the best way to protect your privacy on the Internet is the same as the way you protect your privacy in normal life through your behavior. ascertain the privacy statements on the web sites you visit, and only do business with ones whose practices you represent with. If youre worried about cookies, disable them. Most importantly, avert indiscriminate web surfing recognize that just as most cities have a bad side of town thats best avoided, the Internet does too. But if its complete and total anonymity you want, better start flavor for that cave.The Art of WarSun-Tzu Wu is the reputed author of the Chinese classic Ping-fa (The Art of War), written approximately 475-221 B. C. Penned at a time when China was divided into six or seven states that often resorted to war with each other in their struggles for supremacy, it is a systematic guide to strategy and tactics for rulers and commanders. In doing business on the Internet during this time of rampant computer viruses and hacker attacks it may be wise for us to follow some of his tactical principles in order to insure the safety of ourselves and our future clients.Know your enemy and know yourself in a hundred battles, you will never be defeated. When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself, your chances of winning or losing are equal. If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself, you are sure to be defeated in every battle.In a chilling article entitled Big Brother is Watching Bob Sullivan of MSNBC recounts a tale during a recent visit to London Only moments after stepping into the Webshack Internet cafe in Londons Soho neighborhood, Mark asked me what I thought of George W. Bush and Al Gore. I wouldnt want Bush running things, he said. Because he cant run his We b site. Then he showed me a variety of ways to hack Bushs Web sites. That was just the beginning of a far-reaching chat during which the group nearly convinced me Big Brother is in fact here in London. I dont know if he can run the free world, Mark said. He cant keep the Texas banking system computers secure. supposed 2600 clubs are a kind of hacker boy scout organization there are local 2600 chapters all around the globe. It is in this environment, and this mindset, that Londons hackers do their work. They do not analyze computer systems and learn how to break them out of spite, or some childish need to destroy Mark and friends see themselves as merely accumulating knowledge that could be used in self-defense if necessary. They are the citizens militia, the Freedom Fighters of the Information Age, trying to stay one step ahead of technology that could one day be turned against them.Jon-K Adams in his treatise entitled Hacker Ideology (aka Hacking Freedom) states that hackers have been called both techno-revolutionaries and heroes of the computer revolution. Hacking has become a cultural icon about decentralized power. But for all that, hackers are reluctant rebels. They prefer to fight with code than with words. And they would rather appear on the net than at a news conference. Status in the hacker world cannot be granted by the general public it takes a hacker to know and appreciate a hacker. Thats part of the hackers revolutionary reluctance the other part is the news medias slant toward sensationalism, such as, A cyberspace dragnet snared fugitive hacker. The public tends to think of hacking as synonymous with computer crime, with breaking into computers and stealing and destroying valuable data. As a result of this tabloid mentality, the hacker attempts to fade into the digital world, where he-and it is almost always he-has a place if not aIn his self-conception, the hacker is not a criminal, but rather a person who enjoys exploring the details of progra mmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities. Which means that he is not necessarily a computer geek. The hacker defines himself in terms that extend beyond the computer, as an expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker (Jargon File). So in the broadest sense of his self-conception, the hacker hacks knowledge he wants to know how things work, and the computer-the prototypical programmable system-simply offers more complexity and possibility, and thus more fascination, than most other things.From this perspective, hacking appears to be a harmless if nerdish enthusiasm. But at the same time, this seemingly innocent enthusiasm is animated by an ideology that leads to a conflict with civil authority. The hacker is motivated by the belief that the search for knowledge is an end in itself and should be unrestricted. But invariably, when a hacker explores programmable systems, he encounters barriers that bureaucracies impose in the name of security. For the hacker, these security measures become arbitrary limits placed on his exploration, or in cases that often lead to confrontation, they become the focus of further explorations for the hacker, security measures simply represent a more challenging programmable system. As a result, when a hacker explores such systems, he hacks knowledge, but ideologically he hacks the freedom to access knowledge.Political hackers are another group considering themselves modern freedom fighters. Hacktivists have officially moved from nerdish extremists to become the political protest visionaries of the digital age, a meeting at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London was told on Thursday.Paul Mobbs, an experienced Internet activist and anti-capitalist protestor, will tell attendees that the techniques used by politically minded computer hackers from jamming corporate networks and sending email viruses to defacing Web sites has moved into the realm of political campaigning. Mobbs says that the term Hacktivism has been adopted by so many different groups, from peaceful Net campaigners to Internet hate groups, that it is essentially meaningless, but claims that Internet protest is here to stay. It has a place, whether people like it or not, says Mobbs.Steve Mizrach in his 1997 dissertation entitled Is there a Hacker Ethic for 90s Hackers? delves into this subject in great detail. He describes the divergent groups of hackers and explains their modus operandiI define the computer underground as members of the following six groups. Sometimes I refer to the CU as 90s hackers or new hackers, as opposed to old hackers, who are hackers (old sense of the term) from the 60s who subscribed to the original Hacker Ethic. Hackers (Crackers, system intruders) These are people who attempt to penetrate security systems on remote computers. This is the new sense of the term, whereas the old sense of the term simply referred to a person who was capable of creating hacks, or elegant, unusual, an d unexpected uses of technology. Typical magazines (both print and online) read by hackers include 2600 and Iron Feather Journal. Phreaks (Phone Phreakers, Blue Boxers) These are people who attempt to use technology to explore and/or control the telephone system. Originally, this involved the use of blue boxes or tone generators, but as the phone company began using digital instead of electro-mechanical switches, the phreaks became more like hackers. Typical magazines read by Phreaks include Phrack, Line Noize, and New Fone Express. Virus writers (also, creators of Trojans, worms, logic bombs) These are people who write code which attempts to a) reproduce itself on other systems without authorization and b) often has a side effect, whether that be to display a message, play a prank, or trash a hard drive. Agents and spiders are essentially benevolent virii, raising the question of how underground this activity really is. Typical magazines read by Virus writers include 40HEX. Pirat es Piracy is sort of a non-technical matter. Originally, it involved breaking copy protection on software, and this activity was called cracking. Nowadays, few software vendors use copy protection, but there are still various minor measures used to prevent the unauthorized duplication of software. Pirates devote themselves to thwarting these things and sharing commercial software freely with their friends. They usually read Pirate Newsletter and Pirate magazine. Cypherpunks (cryptoanarchists) Cypherpunks freely distribute the tools and methods for making use of strong encryption, which is basically unbreakable except by massive supercomputers. Because the NSA and FBI cannot break strong encryption (which is the basis of the PGP or Pretty Good Privacy), programs that employ it are classified as munitions, and distribution of algorithms that make use of it is a felony. Some cryptoanarchists advocate strong encryption as a tool to completely evade the State, by preventing any access whatsoever to financial or personal information. They typically read the Cypherpunks mailing list. Anarchists are committed to distributing illegal (or at least morally suspect) information, including but not limited to data on bombmaking, lockpicking, pornography, drug manufacturing, pirate radio, and cable and satellite TV piracy. In this parlance of the computer underground, anarchists are less likely to advocate the overthrow of government than the simple refusal to obey restrictions on distributing information. They tend to read Cult of the Dead Cow (CDC) and Activist Times Incorporated (ATI). Cyberpunk usually some combination of the above, plus interest in technological self-modification, science fiction of the Neuromancer genre, and interest in hardware hacking and street tech. A youth subculture in its own right, with some overlaps with the modern primitive and raver subcultures.So should we fear these geeky little mischief-makers?The New York Post revealed recently that a busboy allegedly managed to steal millions of dollars from the worlds richest people by stealing their identities and tricking credit agencies and brokerage firms. In his article describing this event Bob Sullivan says, Abraham Abdallah, I think, did us all a favor, for he has exposed as a sham the security at the worlds most important financial institutions. The same two free e-mail addresses were used to request financial transfers for six different wealthy Merrill Lynch clients, according to the Post story. Merrill Lynch didnt notice? Why would Merrill accept any transfer requests, indeed take any financial communication seriously at all, from a free, obviously unverified anonymous e-mail account? Im alarmed by the checks and balances that must be in place at big New York brokerage firms.Rather than being a story about a genius who almost got away, this is simply one more story of easy identity theft amid a tidal wave of similar crimes. The Federal Trade Commission has received 40,000 complaints of identity theft since it started keeping track two years ago, but the agency is certain that represents only a fraction of real victims. This is a serious problem, long ignored by the industry. If fact, just last year the credit industry beat back a congressional bill known as The Identity Theft Protection Act, claiming it would be too expensive for them. Clearly there has to be more leveling of the playing field. We have to hold banks and credit unions accountable.Last month the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was again warning electronic-commerce Web sites to patch their Windows-based systems to protect their data against hackers.The FBIs National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) has coordinated investigations over the past several months into organized hacker activities targeting e-commerce sites. More than 40 victims in 20 states have been identified in the ongoing investigations, which have included law enforcement agencies outside the Uni ted States and private sector officials.The investigations have uncovered several organized hacker groups from Russia, the Ukraine, and elsewhere in Eastern Europe that have penetrated U.S. e-commerce and online banking computer systems by exploiting vulnerabilities in the Windows NT operating system, the statement said. Microsoft has released patches for these vulnerabilities, which can be downloaded from Microsofts Web site for free.Once the hackers gain access, they download proprietary information, customer databases, and credit card information, according to the FBI. The hackers subsequently contact the company and attempt to extort money by offering to patch the system and by offering to protect the companys systems from exploitation by other hackers.The hackers tell the victim that without their services they cannot guarantee that other hackers will not access their networks and post stolen credit card information and details about the sites security vulnerability on the Inte rnet. If the company does not pay or hire the group for its security services, the threats escalate, the FBI said. Investigators also believe that in some instances the credit card information is being sold to organized crime groups.Defend yourself when you cannot defeat the enemy, and attack the enemy when you can.Scott Culp in a detailed list of security precautions on Microsofts Web page suggests that there are ten immutable laws of security.Law 1 If a bad guy can persuade you to run his program on your computer, its not your computer anymore. Its an unfortunate fact of computer science when a computer program runs, it will do what its programmed to do, even if its programmed to be harmful. When you choose to run a program, you are making a decision to turn over control of your computer to it. Thats why its important to never run, or even download, a program from an untrusted source and by source, I mean the person who wrote it, not the person who gave it to you.Law 2 If a bad g uy can alter the operating system on your computer, its not your computer anymore. In the end, an operating system is just a series of ones and zeroes that, when interpreted by the processor, cause the machine to do certain things. Change the ones and zeroes, and it will do something different. To understand why, consider that operating system files are among the most trusted ones on the computer, and they generally run with system-level privileges.That is, they can do absolutely anything. Among other things, theyre trusted to manage user accounts, handle password changes, and enforce the rules governing who can do what on the computer. If a bad guy can change them, the now-untrustworthy files will do his bidding, and theres no limit to what he can do. He can steal passwords, make himself an administrator on the machine, or add entirely new functions to the operating system. To prevent this type of attack, make sure that the system files (and the registry, for that matter) are well protected.Law 3 If a bad guy has unrestricted physical access to your computer, its not your computer anymore.He could mount the ultimate low-tech denial of service attack, and smash your computer with a sledgehammer. He could unplug the computer, haul it out of your building, and hold it for ransom. He could boot the computer from a floppy disk, and reformat your hard drive. But wait, you say, Ive configured the BIOS on my computer to prompt for a password when I turn the power on. No problem if he can open the case and get his hands on the system hardware, he could just replace the BIOS chips. (Actually, there are even easier ways). He could remove the hard drive from your computer, install it into his computer, and read it. He could make a duplicate of your hard drive and take it back his lair. Once there, hed have all the time in the world to conduct brute-force attacks, such as trying every possible logon password. Programs are available to automate this and, given enough time , its almost certain that he would succeed. Once that happens, Laws 1 and 2 above apply He could replace your keyboard with one that contains a radio transmitter. He could then monitor everything you type, including your password.Always make sure that a computer is physically protected in a way thats consistent with its value and remember that the value of a machine includes not only the value of the hardware itself, but the value of the data on it, and the value of the access to your network that a bad guy could gain. At a minimum, business-critical machines like domain controllers, database servers, and print/file servers should always be in a locked room that only people charged with administration and maintenance can access. But you may want to consider protecting other machines as well, and potentially using additional protective measures.If you travel with a laptop, its absolutely critical that you protect it. The same features that make laptops great to travel with small si ze, light weight, and so forth also make them easy to steal. There are a variety of locks and alarms available for laptops, and some models let you remove the hard drive and carry it with you. You also can use features like the Encrypting File System in Windows 2000 to mitigate the damage if someone succeeded in stealing the computer. But the only way you can know with 100% certainty that your data is safe and the hardware hasnt been tampered with is to keep the laptop on your person at all times while traveling.Law 4 If you allow a bad guy to upload programs to your web site, its not your web site any more. This is basically Law 1 in reverse. In that scenario, the bad guy tricks his victim into downloading a harmful program onto his machine and running it. In this one, the bad guy uploads a harmful program to a machine and runs it himself. Although this scenario is a danger anytime you allow strangers to connect to your machine, web sites are involved in the overwhelming majority of these cases. Many people who operate web sites are too hospitable for their own good, and allow visitors to upload programs to the site and run them. As weve seen above, unpleasant things can happen if a bad guys program can run on your machine.If you run a web site, you need to limit what visitors can do. You should only allow a program on your site if you wrote it yourself, or if you trust the developer who wrote it. But that may not be enough. If your web site is one of several hosted on a shared server, you need to be extra careful. If a bad guy can compromise one of the other sites on the server, its possible he could extend his control to the server itself, in which case he could control all of the sites on it including yours. If youre on a shared server, its important to find out what the server administrators policies are.Law 5 Weak passwords trump strong security. The purpose of having a logon process is to establish who you are. Once the operating system knows who you are, it can grant or deny requests for system resources appropriately. If a bad guy learns your password, he can log on as you. In fact, as far as the operating system is concerned, he is you. Whatever you can do on the system, he can do as well, because hes you. Maybe he wants to read sensitive information youve stored on your computer, like your email. Maybe you have more privileges on the network than he does, and being you will let him do things he normally couldnt. Or maybe he just wants to do something malicious and blame it on you. In any case, its worth protecting your credentials.Always use a password its amazing how many accounts have blank passwords. And choose a complex one. Dont use your dogs name, your anniversary date, or the name of the local football team. And dont use the word password Pick a password that has a mix of upper- and lower-case letters, number, punctuation marks, and so forth. Make it as long as possible. And change it often. Once youve picked a stron g password, handle it appropriately. Dont write it down. If you absolutely must write it down, at the very least keep it in a safe or a locked drawer the first thing a bad guy whos hunting for passwords will do is check for a yellow sticky note on the side of your screen, or in the top desk drawer. Dont tell anyone what your password is. Remember what Ben Franklin said two people can keep a secret, but only if one of them is dead.Finally, consider using something stronger than passwords to identify yourself to the system. Windows 2000, for instance, supports the use of smart cards, which significantly strengthens the identity checking the system can perform. You may also want to consider biometric products like fingerprint and retina scanners.Law 6 A machine is only as secure as the administrator is trustworthy. Every computer must have an administrator someone who can install software, configure the operating system, add and manage user accounts, establish security policies, and h andle all the other management tasks associated with keeping a computer up and running. By definition, these tasks require that he have control over the machine.This puts the administrator in a position of unequalled power. An untrustworthy administrator can negate every other security measure youve taken. He can change the permissions on the machine, modify the system security policies, install malicious software, add bogus users, or do any of a million other things. He can subvert virtually any protective measure in the operating system, because he controls it. Worst of all, he can cover his tracks. If you have an untrustworthy administrator, you have absolutely no security.When hiring a system administrator, recognize the position of trust that administrators occupy, and only hire people who warrant that trust. Call his references, and ask them about his previous work record, especially with regard to any security incidents at previous employers. If appropriate for your organizat ion, you may also consider taking a step that banks and other security-conscious companies do, and require that your administrators pass a complete background check at hiring time, and at periodic intervals afterward. Whatever criteria you select, apply them across the board. Dont give anyone administrative privileges on your network unless theyve been vetted and this includes temporary employees and contractors, too.Next, take steps to help keep honest people honest. Use sign-in/sign-out sheets to track whos been in the server room. (You do have a server room with a locked door, right? If not, re-read Law 3). Implement a two person rule when installing or upgrading software. Diversify management tasks as much as possible, as a way of minimizing how much power any one administrator has. Also, dont use the Administrator account instead, give each administrator a separate account with administrative privileges, so you can tell whos doing what. Finally, consider taking steps to make it more difficult for a rogue administrator to cover his tracks. For instance, store audit data on write-only media, or house System As audit data on System B, and make sure that the two systems have different administrators. The more accountable your administrators are, the less likely you are to have problems.Law 7 Encrypted data is only as secure as the decryption key. Suppose you installed the biggest, strongest, most secure lock in the world on your front door, but you put the key under the front door mat. It wouldnt really matter how strong the lock is, would it? The critical factor would be the poor way the key was protected, because if a burglar could find it, hed have everything he needed to open the lock. Encrypted data works the same way no matter how strong the cryptoalgorithm is, the data is only as safe as the key that can decrypt it.Many operating systems and cryptographic software products give you an option to store cryptographic keys on the computer. The advantage is convenience you dont have to handle the key but it comes at the cost of security. The keys are usually obfuscated (that is, hidden), and some of the obfuscation methods are quite good. But in the end, no matter how well-hidden the key is, if its on the machine it can be found. It has to be after all, the software can find it, so a sufficiently-motivated bad guy could find it, too. Whenever possible, use offline storage for keys. If the key is a word or phrase, memorize it. If not, export it to a floppy disk, make a backup copy, and store the copies in separate, secure locations.Law 8 An out of date virus scanner is only marginally better than no virus scanner at all. Virus scanners work by comparing the data on your computer against a collection of virus signatures. Each signature is characteristic of a particular virus, and when the scanner finds data in a file, email, or elsewhere that matches the signature, it concludes that its found a virus. However, a virus scanner can only scan for the viruses it knows about. Its vital that you keep your virus scanners signature file up to date, as new viruses are created every day.The problem actually goes a bit deeper than this, though. Typically, a new virus will do the greatest amount of damage during the early stages of its life, precisely because few people will be able to detect it. Once word gets around that a new virus is on the loose and people update their virus signatures, the spread of the virus falls off drastically. The key is to get ahead of the curve, and have updated signature files on your machine before the virus hits.Virtually every maker of anti-virus software provides a way to get free updated signature files from their web site. In fact, many have push services, in which theyll send notification every time a new signature file is released. Use these services. Also, keep the virus scanner itself that is, the scanning software updated as well. Virus writers periodically develop new techniq ues that require that the scanners change how they do their work.Law 9 Absolute anonymity isnt practical, in real life or on the web. All human interaction involves exchanging data of some kind. If someone weaves enough of that data together, they can identify you. Think about all the information that a person can glean in just a short conversation with you. In one glance, they can gauge your height, weight, and approximate age. Your accent will probably tell them what country youre from, and may even tell them what region of the country. If you talk about anything other than the weather, youll probably tell them something about your family, your interests, where you live, and what you do for a living. It doesnt take long for someone to collect enough information to figure out who you are. If you crave absolute anonymity, your best bet is to live in a cave and shun all human contact.The same thing is true of the Internet. If you visit a web site, the owner can, if hes sufficiently m otivated, find out who you are. After all, the ones and zeroes that make up the web session have be able to find their way to the right place, and that place is your computer. There are a lot of measures you can take to disguise the bits, and the more of them you use, the more thoroughly the bits will be disguised. For instance, you could use network address translation to mask your actual IP address, subscribe to an anonymizing service that launders the bits by relaying them from one end of the ether to the other, use a different ISP account for different purposes, surf certain sites only from public kiosks, and so on. All of these make it more difficult to determine who you are, but none of them make it impossible. Do you know for certain who operates the anonymizing service? Maybe its the same person who owns the web site you just visited Or what about that innocuous web site you visited yesterday, that offered to mail you a free $10 off coupon? Maybe the owner is willing to shar e information with other web site owners. If so, the second web site owner may be able to correlate the information from the two sites and determine who you are.Does this mean that privacy on the web is a lost cause? Not at all. What it means is that the best way to protect your privacy on the Internet is the same as the way you protect your privacy in normal life through your behavior. Read the privacy statements on the web sites you visit, and only do business with ones whose practices you agree with. If youre worried about cookies, disable them. Most importantly, avoid indiscriminate web surfing recognize that just as most cities have a bad side of town thats best avoided, the Internet does too. But if its complete and total anonymity you want, better start looking for that cave.