Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

appellative 6 - Essay ExampleWith regards to the case study the administrators of the district schools had to demonstrate how their students were performing by uptake of military rating. This clearly shows that evaluation is an important educational management tool (Wiles & Bondi, 2004).The case studies tend to describe in detail the school level based program implementation as head as the evaluation passage. With regards to the evaluation process, stages of how it was conducted are clearly bulgelined and the school administrators that took part in shaping up the process. paygrade was used in the district schools in order to influence the decision making as well as improve the schools operations. Most of the administrators in the schools and districts were given a proposed framework that was meant to guide them in their activities. base on the case studies, the proposed frameworks simply implies that evaluation is the process of producing information that ,is mainly used to m ake decisions more or less the on-going school programs (Wiles & Bondi, 2004).With regards to the case study, the exploiter survey that was conducted in the district schools was meant to irradiate the importance of the evaluation process from the users perception. The areas that were looked at in the survey were the view of the school program, the evaluation stages, the use of the evaluation information, the purpose of the process and the conditions under which the user was operating. Based on the study, the principal, school administrator and also or so staff members were interviewed about their views on significant school programs and about the contributions that had been made by the use of evaluation. The user survey was meant to improve the school operations in the future based on the findings (Wiles & Bondi, 2004).Based on the studies, evaluation reporting simply encompasses timing and frequency. The case studies indicate that the timing and frequency that the school adminis trators gave out the evaluation reports

Williston on Contracts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Williston on Contracts - Case Study ExampleWithin a few days after the completion of the agreement, the plaintiff learned that the Government had lessened the amount of mineral pitch that was predetermined under the contract by rough the number of tons of lessening supposed in the complaint. The suspect was directed by the plaintiff conscious of its receipt and on the contention that the lessening of asphalt considered under the contract would augment the unit hail in the act of the contract. The defendant replied to the plaintiff confirming the plaintiffs information concerning the reduction of asphalt required under the contract and promising to submit to the proper Government officials requests for increased unit prices. The defendants letter was acknowledged and the plaintiff signed its intention of proceeding with performance of the contracts as changed, and announce confidence that defendant would adequately present to the Government the plaintiffs request for an increase i n unit prices for practice under the contract. The defendant later wrote to the plaintiff saying that it had received from the Government a change order providing for the changes in the original contract that resulted in the reduction of the asphalt requiredThe plaintiff sought to recover the expenses incurred in shipping the large asphalt plant to the place of performance of the work and in installing and equipping the plant for the production of 50,000 tons of asphalt. Further, there was a demand for destroy and returning the asphalt plant to the point from which it was shipped as damages for burst of the contract.RATIONALE The fundamental al-Qaida for an award of damages for contravening a contract is just compensation for losses necessarily flowing from the breach (Lord, 1338). In addition, while the breach of contract gives rise to a right of action, it is nevertheless possible for a breach to occur without causing damage.

Foreign direct investment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

unusual direct enthronization - Assignment ExampleForeign direct investment involves acquisition of managerial construe in a company. The threshold of this jump of ownership is 10% or more in UK. This varies crosswise countries. With the liberalization of the various global economies in Africa and Asia this form of investment has grown considerably. Foreign direct investment (FDI) facilitates the interaction of two firms and economies with varying economic differences. The foreign investors invest their funds with a long border perspective to exploit the cheap labour costs, strategic advantages, rich natural resources, market etc of another economy. In short this form of investment involves investing within the firm but outside the region. Importance of FDIThis form of investment provides the necessary capital required by some developing economies which might be serious to generate through domestic means. Besides the financial resources the foreign direct investment also provid es the opportunity to make use of sophisticated and latest technology. It has been seen that the companies with no prior experience face problems in the effect of such technology as this is deemed to be risky as well as expensive.With time FDI imparts a number of benefits to the host country that was hitherto not available. This includes upgrading of industrial operations, transferring of advanced technology, training the labour force, trigger of developed methods of accounting & modern management, developing the trading and finance related networks and up gradation of telecom related services. In sectors like services FDI uplifts the competitive strength of the host country by increase the productivity of financial resources.

The topic can be proposed by the writer Assignment - 15

The progeny can be proposed by the writer - Assignment ExampleTherefore, does the in mickle of the 10 corporation bar to breaking of the law, which would necessitate the piercing of the corporate secrete?The rule of law provides that the piercing of the corporate veil can occur when the corporation is created as a mere alter-ego of its owner, where the corporation does non observe the overcompensate formalities, or where the corporation is undercapitalized (Mallor et al., 2013). Further, a court can lift the corporate veil to hold the owners of the corporation personally responsible, if the corporation is created to promote fraud, illegality or injustice (Mallor et al., 2013).The creation of 10 taxi-cab corporations by Carlton is legal, owing to the concomitant that the law provides for incorporation of enterprises, for the sake of limiting personal liability (Mallor et al., 2013). Further, there has not been provided any confinement as to the number of taxi-cabs that should co nstitute a tax-cab corporation. In addition, Carlton has provided the required $10,000 of accident liability insurance for individually cab.The court should not lift the corporate veil to find Carlton personally reasonable. This is because the incorporation of the 10 tax-cab corporations is not an illegality, while the purpose of such incorporation is merely to limit personal liability, and not to commit fraud, illegality or injustice, which could be reasonable ground for lifting the corporate veil (Mallor et al., 2013). Therefore, the court should find that Walkovszky should only hold liable the corporation with two taxi-cabs, from which one knocked him

Retail Marketing Strategy Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Retail Marketing Strategy Management - Essay ExampleThe products ar completely associated with the sell funds at which they argon available. Through positioning your sell store builds a real image of your products in the minds of the people which ultimately generates the volume of customers for your retail store.Retail stores in capital of capital of Singapore are extremely cosmopolitan, complex and sophisticated with nearly every international retailer present there. These retail stores usually depend on high volume of customers for generating their sales. Therefore in order to position the retail store in Singapore in order to gain private-enterprise(a) advantage, there is a need to centering on the grocery store niches and increase sales through regionalization. Strategic allies can also be formed with the international retailers in order to gain competitive advantage.The type of image that a retail store would project for its customers in the target segment harbor should be such that their products and not sightly the brand it carries should be positioned. The image of a retail store should be that of a brand that adds apprise to the purchase of the shoppers.Brand positioning is highly important for retail stores at Singapore because the competition is change magnitude and new competitors are arriving in the market with more efficient strategies. Therefore, in order to gain competitive advantage, brand positioning can be done byThe retail marketplace at Singapore is highly saturated with ... A brand adding value to the purchase of the shoppers so that they are willing to unload moreA retail store selling products and not just the brandEXAM move 2 INTERNATIONAL CONSUMERS MARKET IN SINGAPOREIntroductionThe retail marketplace at Singapore is highly saturated with a account of international players. The population of Singapore also consists of a number of tourists and foreigners as Singapore is one of the best tourism pointedness. Therefore the retail market for international consumers in Singapore is full of opportunities. Since the international consumers have high spending patterns, therefore, targeting this market niche can government issue in a number of prospective sales. Discussion and AnalysisSingapore is a tourism spot for a number of international visitors. At every time in the year, you will find a considerable amount of international consumers in the country. Therefore, the market of the international consumers, if properly targeted and positioned, can generate capital retail business and attract a high volume of consumers. The international consumers are usually asleep of the prices and therefore make purchases through the retail stores which they know of and which are mostly international retail stores. The Singaporean retail stores should also target the international consumers due to the increased competition and also because a extended population in Singapore comprises of international consumers. The a ttractiveness of the market for international consumers is evident from the fact that the retail marketplace in Singapore is highly competitive with each retailer targeting specific market niches. Therefore, the market for international consumers is another market

Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking Essay

Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking - Essay ExampleU) and its associated registers that hold the knowledge that is being operated upon and a memory area referred to as Random access memory (RAM) in which any memory location can be read or written upon. The CPU is capable of differentiating the character of content that is memory boardd in memory i.e. whether they are instructions or data. Schematic presentation of the sequential architecture can be exhibited by the figure on the left.A raster graphic is created by combining umpteen small points of information. An easy way to think of a raster graphic is to show up an image in a comic book that is made up of many small dots of color. Depending on the number of dots, the quality of the personation is determined. The raster graphic arrangement can also be referred to as an arrangement of an array of pixels that combine to let on an image.A vector graphic is also a picture but the information is communicated in ot her way. To use another childish example, a vector graphic is like a dot-to-dot. It uses geometrical primitives such(prenominal) points, lines, curves and shapes or polygons which are all based on mathematical equations to represent images. Thus, it has important points that determine what the picture will look like. In Flash, we create vector graphics when we turn pictures into symbols. Since the computer only has to store the information about the key points in the graphic, the size of these images is much smaller than that of a raster graphic which stores information about each individual point.For conversion to Hexa decimal we have to make groups of 4 digits. For integer persona the preference is right to left with padded zeros on the left most sides. For fractional portion the orientation of grouping is reversed ie from right to left considering point (.) as origin. The chart is given as reference.6. Reduced instruction set computers provide a large number of general-purpose registers and very fewer memory access instructions. Most instructions use registers instead of

DSS VS MIS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DSS VS MIS - Coursework Examplen the other hand Decision expect trunk (DSS) is used for establishing the correct decision established on activities, planning, forecast, management and operations. (Kersten, Mikolajuk, & Yeh, 2000, p. 41-42)Database of Decision Support System contain information from a variety of resources that includes information that was generated from various applications, data generated internally and the data extracted from immaterial sources ilk Internet, etc. Size of DSS database can vary from a small standalone system to a very large datacenters managing the data requirements needs of an organization. Decision Support Systems database normally holds a fireman of the production database to avoid any kind of obstruction with the normal operational systems.DSS software contains number of various analytic and mathematical models. These models are used for analyzing the complex data, in that way developing the needed information. An analytical and mathemati cal model forecasts the outcome on the basis of various different inputs or varying situations, or determines the outcome by combining both. A DSS may includes different models while each performing some(a) particular function. Some of them are (Laudon & Laudon, 2004, p. 274-275)Decision Support System has an interactive graphical user embrasure. This interface makes an easier interaction between the user and the DSS. The result of the analyzed data is displayed in several different forms, like table, graphical (in the form of charts), and text. Interface users and select the suitable option to view the result as per the requirements.This part works same as it does in an expert system. It presents information regarding connections between data that is excessively unmanageable for a database to represent. It includes the rules to facilitate possible resolution as well as another methods and solutions for assessing them.Let us assume that the some manager of a business organization who deals in products or

Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders - test ExampleDept. of Justice, & Canada. Health and Welfare Canada, 1984).Restrictive measures on the other hand refer to those practices that are sedulous by the various institutions in the criminal justice system to ensure invoke offenders do not reoffend again after their conviction (Howitt, 1995). These aim at protecting the public from being offended and overly monitoring the offenders not to reoffend. Some of the restrictive measures that are employed to manage these offenders include the use of sex offender registers, Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements, Circles of Support, and Accountability, use of approved premises, license conditions, prisons, situational crime prevention, and treatment of offenders (Marshall, Eccles & Barbaree, 1993).This paper leave behind therefore examine the strength and weaknesses of these restrictive measures to protect the public from any sexual offence. It will only pay attention to the fairness and effectiveness of these approaches in protecting the public. This section will in any case research the balance between human rights of the offenders and public protection bearing in mind that these offenders are also human beings and their rights ought to be protected as much as they deserve punishment for their offence (Rainey, 2013).To puzzle with, sex offender register is one of the restrictive measures aimed at protecting the public from sexual offence. It is a database containing records of those required to register with the police under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (Welchans, 2005). This include individuals who have been jailed for to a greater extent than 12 months for having committed violent offences an those who are likely to be at risk of offending. Upon initial registration, it is a requirement for the offenders to provide the police with the following information their full names, date of birth, home address, passport details, cuss details and the national ins urance number.This register requires the offender to inform

Banking in the modern world Homework 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

positing in the raw world Homework 2 - Essay ExampleWhat is the leverage-adjusted length gap? Total revalue of portfolios of Assets = mercenary Loan + Consumer Loan = $400 + $250 = $650 Fractional value of assets at = 61.5 = 0.615% Fractional value of assets B = 38.4 = 0.384% charge Average period= Duration asset A (% in portfolio) + Duration of asset B (% in portfolio) Weighted Average Duration= 3 geezerhood (. 615) + 7 years (. 384) Weighted Average Duration= 1.85 + 2.69 = 4.54 years Total value of portfolios of Liability = IG Bonds + Deposits + Non-deposit borrowing = $65 + $600 + $50= $715 Fractional value of Liability A = .091 Fractional value of Liability B = .839 Fractional value of Liability C = .070 Weighted Average Duration= Duration Liability A (% in portfolio) + Duration of Liability B (% in portfolio) + Duration Liability C (% in portfolio) Weighted Average Duration= 15 years (.091) + 1.25 years (.839) + .50 years (.070) Weighted Average Duration= 1.365 + 1.049 + .035 Weighted Average Duration= 2.4 years Leverage-adjusted duration gap is a formula that measures the overall please commit of bank and it tells positive or disallow changes in the overall interest rate of a banking company. B. What is going to happen to the Banks winnings worth if interest rates will increase or decrease by 1 per centime from the current 5 percent? Interpret the results. Each banking service provider has to face the interest rate bump in its business and if the commercialise rate increases or decrease, it affects the value of cash of banks. Suppose market rate increases with 1 %, then the demand and value of cash will not be bear on and it will remain un-changed. But the value of the loan will effect and it will decrease. In this case, the market value of equity of that bank will increase and thus investors will get another opportunity to invest. C. How the Bank can reduce its exposure to interest rate risk? Show this with a numerical example. Each ba nk has an option to alter its interest rate exposure by making nearly changes and restricting its investment plans, borrowings and other pricing strategies and this can be done with the help of managing maturity propagation of its current portfolio. Question No. 2. What kind of futures or options hedges would be called for in the following situations? a. Market interest rates argon transmited to increase and your financial firms asset-liability managers expect to liquidate a portion of their bond portfolio to meet customers demands for funds in the upcoming quarter. Usually Financial firms expect a lower price for selling their bond portfolio in the market but they dont expect it if the portfolio consists on short future hedge securities. After selling them on lower prices, they using up to salvation them at a profit giving rate. A similar profit can be make by the bank with the help of Put options for government and financial futures contracts. b. Your financial firm has inter est-sensitive assets of $79 gazillion and interest-sensitive liabilities of $88 million over the next 30 days and market interest rates are expected to rise. Financial firm has increased its interest-sensitive assets by $9 million that means this firm is a growing yo bear looser if the interest rate in the market increases. This firm need to hedge its risk its going to bear on increased $9 million and for this, it should sell financial futures contracts or use a put option on government securities or financial futures contracts. c. A survey of Tuskee Bank

Chapter's summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapters summery - Essay Example seizing leadership in everyday conversations is a great art. To an extent it is God-given but atomic number 53 can achieve that level by constant practice. Such perfection in the art of conversation with the backup of substantive backgrounder information is an attainable reality, so that the words spoken carry a deep impact and non a passing influence. The listener responds with the feeling that something tangible is added to his knowledge on the subject. When a person speaks, ones inner perceptions come to the fore and the speech has the impact on the person or the auditory modality with whom one interacts. If the impact is positive, the framing aspect is perfect. If it is negative, more efforts and exercises in the area of framing are needed. With the magnetic leadership the role of language is unique and such leadership makes comme il faut use of metaphor, analogy etc.at the correct time. What you speak is no doubt important but how you spea k what you speak, supported by the wealth of relevant information is more important. Such level in the art of speaking is possible by proper framing. The listener feels amply rewarded and shows an express intent to get more and more details when he interacts. He remains attentive.In chapter I the quote that appeals to my heart immensely, is what we remember of John F. Kennedys 1961 inaugural spoken language when he said, Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country.(1) The briefness of the idea and the profound impact that it creates instantly on the audience is worth emulating. This type framing carries the widely distributed appeal and it addresses to the entire humankind. This quote has two important parts. It appeals to the citizen to be less demanding and perform more in the interest of the nation. The hearty expectation of sacrifice for the national interests is ingrained in the appeal of President Kennedy. It hints in style about the respons ibilities

Culture and Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Culture and Organisation - stress ExampleAt the time, the company was generating revenue that amount to over 21.5 billion euros per year during which time it had the biggest commercialise share in the UK (Wei & Zhou, 2007). Currently, IKEA operates around 301 stores in over 35 countries. Most of the stores are in Europe, Asia, northern America, and Australia. This billion dollar company was founded in 1943 by Mr. Ingvar Kamprad (Edvardsson & Enquist, 2008). It is owned by Stichging INKGA group although the company is partly controlled by the founders family. INKGA group is a charitable foundation registered in the Netherlands. The companys main competitors include Argos, Asda, Next, Debenhams, Tesco, and John Lewis (Moon, 2004).There exist umteen ways through which companies hindquarters hit a competitive advantage over other companies. With the current economic uncertainties in the market, it is critical that companies pee-pee to engage in activities that will ensure their c ontinued success in the market. Since economies from different part of the population are failing, one thing to do to ensure that a business is not touched and can stand the test of turmoil is to spread risks. In other words, most companies are not piece their eggs in the same basket. This means they are promoting their brand through establishing stores in as many countries as possible. One of these companies, and one that this paper will be discussing in detail is IKEA.As put by Porter, sustainable competitive advantage is one of the most sought after things by companies instantly (Porter, 2008). It requires that a company ensures that its level of profits are maintained if at all the company aims to be sustainable. As stated by Christopher (2012), the most profitable competitor in any industry field tends to be the lowest-cost producer or the supplier providing a product with the greatest perceived differentiated values. This is, however, affected by important factors such as culture as will be discussed below.The issue of talk is

Compare and contrast 4 poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compare and contrast 4 numberss - Essay Example one(prenominal) for its variety and strength, the poetry of the First World War persists to have a powerful impact on readers. The three poems that will be discussed in this paper reflect the diverse experience of those who lived through the war, integration the speech of poets, soldiers and civilians affected by the war. These four poems depict the emotions of those at war, and the unkn proclaim lyrics of soldiers songs. Furthermore, the poems provide a break down of voices that is both unique and tremendously moving. The poetry that was coming out of the First World War revealed, for the head start time in the history of ever, the actual horror of war. The consequence is an extraordinary documentation of passionate emotions and untellable experiences, written by men and women from extensively different settings, of distinct and lasting significance. Moina Michael influenced by the May 1915 poem In Flanders Fields composed by Cana dian doctor and Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, published her own poem in Novemember 1918, We Shall Keep the Faith. In her emotional poem Moina Michael swears to at all time put one across a red poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who were killed in the war. ... tradiction, which is a remembrance that is sub-presumed into the iconography of politeness, and provided with the added baggage of watchfulness, responsibility, and unstipulated trust. Monias poem somehow ignores, as do the memorials erected all over the state, is the time of evolution in the midst of life and death. The poppy remodelled by Monia is the gesture of the realm into which a generation fell and through which we persist to catch on as if heaved we are the future that the demised speaks to. Presently the poppies flutter in the fields of Iraq. The poppy, with its embedded obligation of oblivion, has become the appropriate preserve of the despicable. The Monias poem also falls short to tell us what that wa s, however, it serves well adequately to mark the appalling void at its heart. 1914 is Wilfred Owens first poem somewhat the First World War. It has two stanzas with 8 and 6 lines, respectively. These 8 lines and 6 divide the otherwise shop iambic meter. The rhymes too are traditional no restrained pararhymes are present. On the other hand, the closely significant thing is how virtually its intent adheres to received perception of the war at that moment, as exemplified by the Rupert Brookes poem The Soldier. The comparison between the diction on the lines 1-8 and lines 9-14 is very spotlighted. The octet contains whirled, rend, and down-hurled, dustup which depict the devastating force. On the other hand, words, such as like famine and rots are implicative of destructions impacts. Thus, wails depicts human reaction, all the consequences of that terrifying strained word tornado. All these words are also indicative of a more apt year later during Owens experiences in the trenches . How distinct when we

Psychodynamic Perspective in explaining Human Experience Essay

Psychodynamic Perspective in explaining Human Experience - Essay prototypeSuperego - The controlling aspect of mortalality development. This is relative to conscience and imposes restrictions which intern helps the infant to work in accordance of rights to the ideals set. Superego is the representative of the societal boundaries, a judge who checks ones actions as right or wrong.Conscious refers to the views and thoughts that a person is aware off, whereas Preconscious are the views and thoughts that a person is not aware off at a peculiar(a) time but when reminded they become conscious. But unconscious are the memories and thoughts that not available to the person. It is seen that these unconscious thoughts figure of speech individual behavior and experience.Phallic st time - From about 3 years to 6 years of age influence the phallic arrange, this pleasure lies in fondling genitals. We have often seen a male chela prop their genitals and playing with it. During this face, around the age of 6 years, one washstand see foeman gender attraction, this attraction is of a male child towards his mother and of a female child towards her father. ... psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentFreud divided the age of the child in different dos of psychosexual development. These are Oral stage - During the first year of life. Infants get pleasure from nursing and sucking and put everything that they get in their mouth. anal stage - The second year of life symbolizes the beginning of anal stage, the pleasure lies in both deny and expelling feces.Phallic stage - From about 3 years to 6 years of age form the phallic stage, this pleasure lies in fondling genitals. We have often seen a male child holding their genitals and playing with it. During this stage, around the age of 6 years, one can see opposite sex attraction, this attraction is of a male child towards his mother and of a female child towards her father. A frame of inferiority complex develops within a child if their parents are seen together without involving the child.Latency stage - This stage comes at the age of 7 years and last till puberty (age 12). During this stage a child isnt concerned about his body but now it is trying to develop skills and is influenced by the environment. This stage shows equal group formation and similar sex attraction in playgroups.Genital stage - Genital stage starts at puberty, the mature phase of adult sexuality and functioning. Symbolizes adolescence and its nature.Freud believed that problems at any of the psychosexual stages of development can fixate development and have a lasting effect on

Critically review the role of Resources Manager and assess the impact Essay - 1

critically review the role of Re kickoffs Manager and assess the impact on our production line plan - Essay utilizationFor instance, it is the onus of the management to ensure that services are offered on demand. In this regard, there should be equal personnel, who will assist in the delivery of the various services. The internal environment should be co-ordinated and work in synergy in order to scale the heights of success in the business (Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black, 2010, 34). In fact, the marketing team needs to perform an awareness campaign in order to sensitize people of the business existence. This initiative will draw many customers into the business. Market research is also a crucial spot of succeeding in this business. This research will provide new insight into the business hence good in the daytime holiday resort service delivery.The other role of the resource manager is to strive to spend a penny maximum sales volume and continuous increase in the cash flow . Indeed, the revenue from the day spa business must surpass the costs incurred in delivery of the services. This will ensure that the business runs at a profit rather than on losses. Hofstede (2012, 45) asserts that the financial component is the other components in the balanced bill .The financial support methods for the business include debt financing and equity financing. Feasible business proposals like Thai day spa can guarantee loan funds from lending institutions. Debt financing is the best source of financing a business given that the debt interest is taxation deductible. In this regard, the debt reduces taxable income hence the entrepreneur earns tax savings. Furthermore, the debt financing is cheap compared to equity financing. According to Lengnick-Hall (2013, 67), equity financing is also a good source because there is no debt interest charged in order to be guaranteed of the funds. However, the financiers of this financing must be privy to the insider information of the Thai day spa business. This is an important component of the business balanced

Reforming Global Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reforming Global Finance - Essay ExampleThe stability of the global grocery destabilized to an extent that the economy of the rest of the world, including Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, and South Korea went into economic meltdown. This was so severe that it called for the intervention of the humanitarian groups, standardised Jubilee 2000, who advocated for the cancellation of the debts owed by the poorest countries. The Central bank decided to chip in and try to resolve the situation therein. They worked for 24hours mediocre to see the thing go back in order. Hazel introduces John Perkins, who is an economist and the author of Confessions of an sparing Hit Man, to discuss the history of economic theory and his involvement in the manipulation of the monetary organizations like the world bank and the International Monetary fund (IMF). Perkins says that, during the past decades when hot money was in circulation, he was actually seduced into luring the poor countries who had huge debts into further debts (Henderson, Perkins, Rogoff, & Fukuda-Parr, 2005). This was purposed so that these countries would hold to the government policies of the United States. For instance, Indonesia became a victim when the United States loaned it billion of dollars, which was later taken by the US in the name of construct for them projects back in the US. They continued paying back the loan with the huge interests until they could no more. This left Indonesia with a huge debt that they would never repay logically thus holding on to the US government. Therefore, this gave the US a chance to manipulate the Indonesians by fetching resources their country such as oil. Finally, Perkins confesses that whatever he was asked to do was technically politics and not assisting the poor countries to get out from their poverty (Henderson, Perkins, Rogoff, & Fukuda-Parr, 2005). I think this was an unsportsmanlike way of trying to control the entire world. The US government went overboard in trying to knead their superiority. Professor Kenneth Rogoff, who is the chief economist at the IMF, suggests that instead of giving out loans the US government would let given the underdeveloped countries grants.

Challenges in Motivating Employeess Essay Example for Free

Challenges in Motivating Employeess EssayWhy motive employees is becoming increasingly challenging. The study of motivation is relate basically, why people behave in a certain sort or why people do what they do? Generally motivation hind end be described as the direction and persistence of action. provided different items such as tame environment or internal and external forces can influence the persons choice of action. Managers saying a significant challenge in finding ways to trip their employees. Some employees can lots if hard to get motivated for a job even after being employed. Maybe because in that respect is a day job duties repletion, dissemble condition and etc. Be execrable I discuss just about of the closely significant challenges in employees motivation Money is one of the major variables of satisfaction and motivation, no doubt that employees will feel slight motivated if they feel their stipend is non appropriate. Paying employees less will lead to dissatisfaction and of course dissatisfied employee is an unmotivated employee. However we have to consider man-to-man differences in the motivation.Employees have different needs and given reward do non motivate all individuals samely. Managers should drip time necessary to understand what is important to for each one employee and the align goal, level of involvement and reward with individual needs. For manakin professionals and knowledge workers which utmostly trained with a college or university degree ar more concerned with content of work rather than their place on the organization chart. Money and promotions typically are first base on their priority list in contrast job challenge and having skill-development opportunities tend to rank high.However need low skilled service workers which pay levels are often little above borderline wage such as retailing and fast food is different. Many employees working in low skilled service jobs feel that they do not get the res pect they deserve from their employers. Unless pay and benefits are significantly increased, high dissatisfaction is probably inevitable in these jobs. Trying to understand the needs of such employees energy help motivate them better. Motivating employees in a unionized workplace environment is some other challenge.For face unions have not been very receptive to pay for performance plans. They believe that differential pay to employees doing similar work can hurt corporation and lead to competition in the workplace. In other cry in unionized companies providing opportunities for training and advancement and listening to employees concern all help in creating a more verificatory environment. On the other hand with todays globalized companies we have to consider motivation do not necessarily work equally through the world.Reward practices in different countries are variable ground on cultural differences. For example countries that put a high value on uncertainly turning away p refer pay base on objective such as seniority. Countries that put a high value on individualism place more emphasis on an individuals business for performance that leads to rewards. Countries that put a high value on human orientation offer favorable benefits and programs that provide working family balance, such as childcare, maternity leave and etc.Work conditions and environment is another motivation challenges. Changing the way workers are treated may boost productivity more than ever-changing the way they are paid. An employee who feels his working conditions are unreasonable maybe unmotivated. If he feels completing a childbed would place him in a dangerous situation, he may not see the value doing or completing it. Other thing which could affect employee motivation is training. An employee being asked to do work which he is not qualified for or equal of doing can result in an unmotivated employee.People are slackly the most motivated when their jobs give them an opportu nity to learn new skills and tasks that are performed and enable them to demonstrate competence. So no doubt having an open, safe and welcoming environment is one of the most important factors. Regulation of the hours of work is another condition. If an employee is working 60 hours a week instead of the standard 40 hours, he may feel unmotivated to show up or give a full effort intentional that he will give more work and expected to stay late to finish project. multicultural Team is another challenge in motivation.Nowadays most of the companies from big to small have multicultural team up. People from diverse culture, background and beliefs. Its clear we cannot motivate multicultural teams the same way we motivate teams with members all from same culture. Multicultural teams are differing from same culture teams in a variety of aspects. For example people from different culture have different communication style, working method and decision making practices. The expectations of te am behavior vary among nationals and ethic cultures. In result managers in these companies have special challenges for motivation.Managing and motivating employees who respect different cultures can be simultaneously exciting and challenging, provide supervisors and managers understand how culture differences beatify organizational excellence, at the same time, employers encounter challenges by separating employees instead of using anxiety and motivation techniques that focusing on common traits through the workforce. In these companies as a motivating factor, money is important further only to some extent. Usually After they start getting a fairly level of compensation for their input, money stop being the greatest motivator for most people.Knowing the strength, weaknesses and performance history of each team member are very important. Some training such as multicultural awareness, team building and intercultural management workshop, motivate multicultural team members are very helpful but they mustiness know why they are being trained. Result All said and done working with a cross cultural team is significantly challenging as the manager must develop strategies to have a go at it not only with differences but also motivate the team to be productive and efficient. Can a manager or supervisor gift an employee?Generally managers used their power as the part of their fundamental interaction with employees. In todays workplace, there is a movement toward sharing more power with employees by putting them in teams and also by making them responsible for some of the decisions regarding their jobs. Some managers believe that to empower people is a real part of leadership as opposed to management and they give examples of way mandate can actually set people set free to do the jobs they are capable of and also allow them to do self-managing.However managers have different concepts of empowerment, for example one throng of executives believed that empowerment w as about delegating decisions making within a set of clear boundaries. While another group believed that empowerment was a process of risk taking and personal growth. There is a lot of positive press on empowerment but much of the talk of empowerment, but much of the talk of empowerment, does not result in employees being empowered. Some managers have difficulties letting employees have more power.But most of the managers agree that the employees should understand how their jobs fit into the organization and that they are able to make decisions regarding job action in light of the organization purpose and mission. Empowerment can offer a number of potential benefits end-to-end all levels of organization. Although there is a continuing debate about the real benefits of empowerment, there appears to be a general assumption motivated staff, quality customer service and improved profits.However all the theories treat a common assumption that workers are an untapped resource with knowl edge and experience and an interest in becoming involved, and employers need do provide opportunities and structures for their involvement. Its also assume that participative decision making is probably to lead to job satisfaction and better quality decision and that gains are available to employer (Increased Efficiency) and workers (Job satisfaction), in brusk an everyone win scenario.According to Erstad, among the many fashionable management refers to the change strategy with the objective of improving twain the individuals and the organizations ability to act. From the context of articles especially in this area empowerment is a mazy process. In order to be successful it requires a clear vision, a learning environment, both for management and employees, participation and implementation tools and techniques.

The length and width Essay Example for Free

The aloofness and comprehensiveness EssayThis is ascribable to the electron s for a long distance than before. Thus we say the resistance increases. When the width of the cable increases, the hindrance for the flow of electrons increases. Because the space through which electrons flow increases. Thus we say that the resistance decreases Preliminary comprehensiveness of the cable ( mm) duration of cable (mm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance ( ? ).From this preliminary essay I result increase the length of the wire up to 30cm in order to get the reliable results. The reason why I chose the thin wire is because to get a high resistance and therefore it is easy to measure. I have used three different widths because I want to find out width gives the surpass results. To get precise measurement I will measure the value of the accepted and voltage up to two tenfold places.Obtaining evidence This is how the set up of my apparatus looks like. early I join everything in co ncert and check if everything is in the right place. Then I adjust the 30cm length of wire to the length of 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm and 25cm, with the answer of the crocodile clip. After that I spay the resistance by means of the variable resister to get an veracious measurement /result of the current and voltage for each length. Actual experimentation Width of the wire ( mm)Length of wire (mm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance ( ? ) Safety When the experiment has been started the wire becomes hot. The safety here is to set the things (e. g. paper, books, exercise books etc. which are inflammable) to a side, so that it thronenot come into contact with the wire.After finishing the experiment turn the current off. Length (cm) Average Resistance I can use the results not with ampere-second% certainty I can rely lone(prenominal) on 60%. This is in regard to change in resistance caused by the charge on the length of the wire. This is in regard to the change in resistance caused by the change in length of the wire.As far as concerning the change in resistance due to change the width of the wire are incorrect. Analysis My experiment shows longer the wire higher the resistance. That is, when the length of the wire increases, resistance increases. Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire. Resistance of wire ? length of the wire Resistance = k x length Observation K Constant First 0. 21/5 0. 04 Second 0. 45/10 0. 04 Third 0. 58/15 0. 04 Fourth 0. 87/20 0. 04 Fifth 0. 95/25 0. 04 From the above table, this numerical calculations shows that the resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire.If I double the length of the wire, the resistance also get doubled as a result. My experiment ,in respect of the conductor with the length of 15cm, shows that the current flow is directly proportional to the voltage difference. The voltage ? current In respect of other length of the conductors (5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm and 25cm) there is a var iation in the second decimal of the constant figure. These discrepancies may be due to the slight changes of the outside(a) temperature of the conductor when current passes through the conductors.It may be also due to the reading of the ammeter and voltmeter by the eye. Evaluation My results are reasonably good as far as concerning the change of resistance due to the change in length of the conductor. My results are plumb good as far as concerning the Ohms law. That is, the current passes through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the conductor provided the temperature remains constant. My results were not at all good as far as concerning changes of the resistance due to changes in the width of the conductor.My graph which shows the resistance and length of the conductor is a straight line which passes through the origin and 3 points. Two points stays out of the line. For the variation of the resistant, I could not draw one line on one graph and I have force 5 lines on one graph. I could not draw my conclusion on the graph because the variations of the width are not great enough to produce significant variation in the resistance. Only 2 points fell on the line and the third one slipped out. If the straight line passes through 3 points on the graph we can depend on the reliability (length against resistance graph).In contrast in the width against resistance graph, only 2 points falls on the straight line. Therefore I cannot depend on the reliability. This anomaly is due to the fact that the wires which I have chosen are not considerably metamorphose in thickness (width). Another way of doing that is to take reading using the constantan wire and indeed the second reading connecting 2 wires as shown in the prediction and keep on doing this for 3, 4 wires. The anomalous points on the graph (2 points) may be due to the crocodile clips which were not properly attached.There may be lack of specification in observing the am meter and voltmeter with the eye. There may be fluctuation in the external and in the internal temperature of the conductor. I can use a conductor made of nichrome which is an alloy of 60% nickel, 24% iron and 16% chromium. Accurate laboratory standard are made from a curve of resistance wire inside a protective plastic case. 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Robert Frosts poem The Mending Wall Essay Example for Free

Robert Frosts poem The Mending W every last(predicate) EssayRobert Frosts poem The Mending Wall may non seem to be a poem with a lot of meaning only if if commentators take beat to listen to what the pen has to say they result discover that it is talking somewhat the basic relationships among pack. The author is focusing on an inanimate object that separated deuce individuals even though it is nonhing much(prenominal) than a unforesightful st atomic number 53 sea mole in the middle of a field.Something there is that doesnt love a groin,That sends the frozen-ground swell under it,And spills the upper boulders in the sunAnd take outs gaps even two enkindle pass informedThe above selection of the poem shows how impersonal the wall is. There is no humanity associated with this object, nor is there some(prenominal) emotion attached to it. Even thought the object has no emotion itself, there is emotion say toward it as we see in line 1 of the poem. There is somet hing out in the world that doesnt identical this wall. Not barely does this relate the authors feelings about how it keeps objects separated, This feeling of animosity has g ace(a) so far that something has g bingle as far as to destroy sections of the wall.I fill come after them and do improveWhere they have left not one stone on a stone,But they would have the track d avouch out of hiding,To please the yelping dogs, The gaps I mean,The author goes even further in his description of the emotions tell at the wall, and explains that other dislike the wall as well. Although they dislike it because it is helping to hide the quarry they atomic number 18 after. The hunters express this dislike of the wall but physically destroying the wall, they tear it down even though it is not their wall. This goes a long behavior at allowting the reader understand that this poem is also about relationships between people. Often times others will attack a person to cohere something they wa nt with little to no regard for the person that is being attacked.But at spring mending-time we find them there.I let my inhabit know beyond the hillAnd on a day we meet to walk a lineAnd set the wall between us again.This little wall goes a long way in effecting the authors relationship with his neighbor. They go out of their way to authorize repairs to this small stone wall, that really has no purpose other than to keep their lives separated. This purpose may seem like a small one but both individuals meet to make sure the wall stays standing and keeps their lives separate. They are showdown and interacting only because the thing that makes them comfortable with each other has fallen in to disrepair and indigences to be erected again.My orchard apple tree trees will neer get acrossAnd eat the cones under his pines, I tell himHe only says, Good fences make reliable neighbors.The author is trying to get past the barriers that people erect between themselves and the rest of the world in the above section. He tells his neighbor that even without the wall their lives will never interact with each others. Even with his insistence the other man makes sure that the wall will go up again. He is going to do everything he can to ensure that every facet of his carriage is separated from that of his neighbors.Why do they make good neighbors? Isnt itWhere are the cows? But here there are no cows.Before I built a wall Id ask to knowWhat I was walling in or walling out,Here the author is confused because once again he is trying to get past the barriers that keep people separated. The author doesnt feel like there is anything that needs to be separated, he would be able to understand it if there were some sort of object that energy cross into his neighbors world, but there is no such object. The only thing to keep separated is the two worlds them selves.He will not go behind his fathers saying,And he likes having thought of it so wellHe says again, Good fences make g ood neighbors.Once again the neighbors grasp on an old tradition and saying are all that respectableify the wall being in existence. The neighbor cannot explain the reason for the wall, he just knows that it has ceaselessly been there and it adds to his discomfort when there is a hole in the wall, or a section of it missing. The author finally gives up trying to penetrate the barrier between himself and his neighbor, and puts the wall back into place to once again keep their lived from mixing. The whole tone of this poem suggests that the author views that people should have more interactions with one another and not hide behind thing. If we all stopped hiding behind these wall that we relieve oneself we would have more time to devote to better pursuitsMending Wall is a poem that presents two opposing attitudes towards keeping barriers up between people. Each neighbor has a different opinion. One neighbor wants a visible line to separate their property lines and the other sees n o reason for it. The poem implies a lack of security and trust one person may have towards another, even when it may not seem illogical or necessary. Each year the two neighbors meet annually at the adjoining wall. Both men walk the length of the wall to assess and repair the years check and tear.Frost writing style invites the reader to probe the need for communication or, more precisely, the way people put up walls to create barriers between themselves. The visual imagery of the wall helps the reader to shift from just seeing the wall as a basic, natural setting to an abstract consideration of human behavior. In the first stanza of the poem it establishes the sense of mystery, a true color of atmosphere, something that does not want the wall to be there. Whatever it is, its a powerful force and it creates a frozen ground swell that disrupts the wall from underneath, forcing stones on top to tumble off.Damage appears each year so the neighbors walk along the wall to repair the g aps and fallen stones that have not been created by either of the two neighbors. Frost then gives the reader an uncertain question as to why should neighbors need walls anyway. Why do good fences make good neighbors? If one or both neighbors had cattle or something that could do possible damage then a fence would be reasonable. However, it is pointed out in the poem that there are no cattle. So, there must be some sort of human distrust between one of the neighbors. What is the distrust? Frost doesnt let the reader know. Perhaps it is an age difference that results in extreme points of view or tradition. Or maybe there is a religious bias about the other. One neighbor wants to separate and possibly his family. The wall prevents the evil of indifference from entering. The phantom of discomfort seems to be kept in check by this rock structure.Frost gives us the impression that he doesnt agree with separating people. The poem might have something to do with racism. Maybe one neighbor is black and the other is Caucasian. Perhaps one of the neighbors cant deal with the difference in ethnicity therefore separates and creates a barrier. He gives a suggestion that good fences make good neighbors but that statement may be a friendly way of saying, if I can create a visible way of keeping you away then we can get along because I can fend off your strangeness from me. Frost might be using the chasteness of a common object to allude to a prevalent human dilemma-fear of the unknown. The wall prevents investigation to realize or negate our presumptions about others. Conversely, the hard, cold rock represents the extreme measures taken to preserve our ridged thinking.victimization the tool of visual imagery, Robert Frost challenges the reader to travel deeper within to visit our own personal boundaries. A wall is a physical demonstration of isolating that which we do not wish to trespasses into our domain. I believe Frost wants the reader to question the implications for our emotional limitations. Who do we keep abbey and why? Even the civility of overlap responsibility, the fixing of the wall, presents a pretense of cooperation and acceptance. Yet, the very act of repair denotes a willingness to keep distance the trend.It is problematic that the self-righteous speaker of Mending Wall is himself obsessively committed to wall building, far more intractably and instinctively committed than his clich-bound neighbor. While the speaker of Mending Wall justifiably castigates his unthinking neighbor and is himself far more aware of the powers of language for good and for ill, he is nonetheless caught up, ironically perhaps, in the same actual task, wall building, which will have the same results and look no different from his neighbors contribution despite the fib he brings to it.There are several possibilities for irony here, depending on the level of Frosts self-awareness. Wall imagery pervades his poetry, as a conscious poetic image and as a psychos exual marker of control and limitation. That the speaker is the one who calls the neighbor to mend the wall is vitally important, then, but it is not clear that Frost meant for the speaker to be ironically perceived as a hypocrite. The simple commentary, that the speaker acts out of a sense of inevitability, penetrating his neighbors habits, seems hardly enough given the contextual symbolism of the wall in Frosts poetry the psychological explanation attendant upon this version might suggest that Frosts conscious intent was subverted by his own unconscious need for walls.So bandage Frost might not mean the speaker to be self-parodic, the reader might judge that there is an ironic discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, both by the speaker and by the poet. On a deeper level even than this is the possibility that Frost was aware of, had taken account of and justified, his own need for barriers. One does, after all, need something against which to push.In this case, the p oem might be completely unironic, for while both men are engaged in the same task, each brings a different narrative to it, the one limited to a thoughtless clichJ , the other enriched philosophically. It could be that Frost is illustrating what it means to move from entertain to wisdom the road less traveled may not look any different, but it is made different by the inner progress of the traveler. The one wall becomes, in this reading, two walls, the speakers wall a philosophically differentiated structure, the neighbors wall a mere landmark of past cliches.

What Is the Marketing Mix and Why Is It Important Essay Example for Free

What Is the Marketing Mix and Why Is It Important EssayThe market mix is defined as the set of controll qualified merchandise variables that the company blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. The marketing consists of the four Ps which are increase, price, place and promotion. The product is something that satisfies the customers fill. Marketers need to tell apart about their product so that they can market to their target customer. Price is the amount of money that the customer pays to get the product.The marketer needs to know the cost of the product and understand how much the customer is voluntary to pay to obtain that product. Place stands for the distribution of the product and describes the processes that are taken place to get the product from the suppliers and producers of the product to the market place where it is ready for purchase. Promotion is the way that the marketer can communicate and incline their target customer to purchase the ir item. Promotion includes advertising, private selling, direct marketing and synchronous marketing.This is important to a marketing manager as they are wanting the consumer to purchase their product. There are three former(a) Ps that have been added to the marketing mix and these form the extended marketing mix. These include people, processes and personal evidence. People are a key tool in marketing as they are able to form relationships with customers to promote sales or if trained incorrectly can turn people away from a sale. The process in marketing is important for customer relations also.If one step in the process such as the delivery of a good is done poorly, the consumer will be a bad ambassador for the company. Physical evidence entails examining every aspect that customers use in their perceptual work to assess such a service. This is also an important field in marketing as the customer controls the purchase. For an effective marketing campaign, all aspects of the mar keting mix should be considered to achieve the companys marketing objectives by delivering value to customers.When looking at the 7 Ps, we notice that these all come from the sellers side, not the consumers. Therefore, the marketing experts have also created 4 Cs in terms of customers wants and needs. These include Customer needs and wants, Cost to the customer, Convenience and Communication. The customers needs and wants are important as the need of the customer is the first step in the product purchase process. If there is no need or want from the customer, there will be no purchase. The cost to the customer is also important.

The Great Debate Essay Example for Free

The Great Debate Essay ride and sex, nature and fire these be some cost that devote been the heat of debate among the Social acquire manpowert field for some time. Sex and gender puzzle been expendd as interchanging terms for homophiley twelvemonths. You may ask, is there a diversion? Yes, there is. Sex refers to the biological differences, chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external awake organs (Nobelius, NPG). sex activity refers to char subprogrameristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine (Nobelius, NPG). The debate over sex/gender and nature versus nurture has been intriguing to let offhanded phallicy in the Social Science realm. Social Science has long been concerned with the extent to which certain aspects of behavior be a product of inherited (nature) or driveed char motivateeristics (nurture). Nature deals with the aspects of our being that argon innate, duration nurture regards how environmental aspects affect us. There is slender doubt that genes (nature) determine such things as eye, hair or skin color.But the nature versus nurture debate studyks to understand how a person develops factors such as personality, intelligence and behavioral traits. There atomic number 18 humanityy questions that arise with this debate. We know that twain nature and nurture play parts in shaping us as people, only if exactly how much? If everything in our personality can be changed by our environment and how we learn, then does our birth sex matter? Does being manful give the right to be the head of the house? And does being the give al appearances entertain you attain to raise the children? In my paper, I am going to discuss the report if this great debate of nature versus nurture, patrilineal and matrilineal societies as well as other cultures and how they function, followed by a brief summary and my conclusion.Going back into the history books, we know many people studied this topic (and simi lar behaviorism topics), people such as John B. Watson, Marg bet Mead, Marshall Sahlins and B. F. Skinner. We can see the earliest recorded debate over this topic, using the terms nature and nurture started in France during the 13th century (Tree.com, NPG) in a manuscript titled Silence. though the exact terminology was nature and noreture (for nurture) these terms were used to discuss characteristics that worked to shape ones personality (Tree.com, NPG). 600 years later was the next instance by a man named Francis Galton in 1874 (Tree.com, NPG). In Galtons work English Men of Science Their Nature and Nurture, published in 1874, Galton states Nature and nurture are a favorable jingle of terms, for it separates under twain distinct heads the innumerable elements of which personality is composed. Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world nurture is every influence that affects him after his birth (Tree.com, NPG).The meaning has stayed the same for the centuries t hat have passed, so lets take a look at diametric types of societies, patriarchal (patrilineal) and matriarchic (matrilineal) and see if there are differences. The term patriarchal defines a hearty system in which the male acts as the primary authority figure, central to the social organization, and where fathers h hoar authority over women, children and property (Wikipedia 3, NPG). Patrilineal refers to relating to, base on, or tracing ancestral descent though the paternal line (Dictionary, NPG), so, matriarchy and matrilineal mean the same, except for the women.We will look at Patriarchal/patrilineal societies beginning, starting with the United resigns, being both of these. Patriarchy in the United States is establish upon the idea of sporty male superiority. All others, those who are white and females, non-white and male, and non white and female, for example, are generally excluded from positions of privilege and power (Reviere, pg. 1). In my opinion, the United States is a land that speaks of equating between race, gender and ethnic backgrounds, except does not act as such women are oft paid less than men for the same jobs, women are a lot objectified more than their male counterparts and women are often treated as inferior citizens.The males are taught early on that they are stronger, more superior to girls, they are molded and shaped by the toys they play with, how we (parents) talk to them, TV and movies. They are to be a mans man and to act tough, macho and not cry. They are to be the head of the house, consort the alight and be the breadwinner for the family. In the United States, the majority of the decisions are made by males, they run the political and apparitional aspects of the country as well as most households.Other counties that have patriarchal societies include (but are not limited to) Saudi Arabia, Italy, Uganda and Germany. In Saudi Arabia their religion, Islam, governs the way day-to-day life is ran. In modern Muslim patria rchal societies, such control over women is considered necessary in part because women are regarded as the potential source of fitna, that is, moral or social disorder (Mernissi, 1987). Also, women of all bestrides are required to have a male guardian all women, regardless of age, are required to have a male guardian (Wikipedia 4, NPG).This guardian is the decision maker over things like education, marriage, elective surgeries, travel, work, etc. (Wikipedia 4, NPG). It is unremarkably her husband, brother, or someone close within the family (Wikipedia 4, NPG). Also, women cannot vote or be elective to high political positions righteousness similarly prohibits them from driving (Wikipedia 4, NPG). The World Economic Forum 2009 Global Gender Gap bill rank Saudi Arabia 130th out of 134 countries for gender parity. It was the only country to score a zero in the category of political empowerment (Wikipedia 4, NPG).In Italy, womens sufferage came about and women were liberated some what. Women were allowed to vote in 1945 and were elected to Parliament in 1946 and as well as took part in the drafting of the Italian Constitution that same year (123, NPG). For centuries, women were banned from the public arena, and Italy existed as a patriarchal society. Today, women have more rights, especially in the workplace, but Italian women deal with increased responsibilities in other areas while being expected to sustain their responsibilities at home without help from their spouses (123, NPG).They are deemed the ultimate homemakers (Andrews, NPG). Far more than in America or the UK, Italian mothers in the twenty-first century tend to be home-makers while their husbands go out to work (Andrews, NPG). opus they are allowed to work and even be in the political jobs, they are alike expected to run the household entirely, Italian women are faced with the projection of working full time and also culmination home to the full-time job of being a homemaker (Wicket, NPG). W hile Italian women are sightly more modern, working, voting, and even being elected to high political positions, the mindset among men is stock-still that of the old times (123, NPG). Actions wont change until the mindset of line up par sets in.In Uganda, tradition dies hard. Uganda has a very patriarchal culture, so much so that, despite government, the people deny women rights and gender based ferocity is very high. The government is fashioning tough decisions and laws to help aid women in the weight-lift for equality (Irinnews, NPG). President Yoweri Museveni has been trying to make huge strides in equality over the last 25 years, but with little success. President Museveni express in 2002, womens rights for the first time have been enshrined in the Ugandan constitution.Ugandas womens deed has grown dramatically into a vibrant political force through and throughout the country. Uganda also is the first African country to have appointed a woman as vice president. The aff irmative action form _or_ system of government has, for example, ensured that at least a third of legislative and civic positions were reserved for women. The Ugandan government also introduced a Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy to provide free education to four children per family, two of whom must be girls. (Irinnews, NPG).Presently, the Ugandan government has offered assistance in furthering womens rights, economic and infrastructure issues continue to prevent women from achieving gender equality (Irinnews, NPG). But even with a tough government, customary laws and traditions are still hard to affair. Traditions in Uganda die hard and ownership of land upon death of the husband, is one of those. Uganda is still largely a patrilineal society. Customary practices that place women in an inferior position continue to operate in many communities in spite of the statutory laws that condemn such practices. Under customary law, women do not inherit property on widowhood. When a man dies, the kin group directly appoints an heir. The heir is usually the first son in the family. He inherits the property of the deceased and he is supposed to take care of everybody in the home (Asiimwe, pg. 8).Another issue in Uganda would be gendered violence. Although President Museveni has condemned violence against women, it still takes place, he stated gender-based violence and other discriminatory practices in our society have also hampered women from using their skills in suppuration activities and prevented them from claiming their social-economic rights, for example, property rights and inheritance (Ssempogo, NPG).While women play a central role in society, and few have been empowered, he noted most are still trapped in the low-in succeed category (Ssempogo, NPG). In 2007, it was describe that 70 percent of women, since the age of 15 years, had experienced some form of violence ( tangible or sexual) inflicted by their spouse or intimate partner and 16 percent ha ve experienced it during pregnancy (UDHS, pg. 15). Ugandas President isnt giving up hope or his fight. He still persists with his fight for equality, fight to end violence against women and pushes for women to be landowners, even without a males involvement.Looking at matriarchal and matrilineal societies, we will first discuss the Iroquois tribe, then the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, the Mosou of China and finally the Asante of the Akan in Ghana. First looking at the Iroquois, while they are now a chapter out of our history books, they were rattling a matriarchal and matrilineal society. In the Iroquois community, women were the keepers of culture they enjoyed equality and respect (Portland State University, NPG). They were responsible for delimitate the political, social, spiritual and economic norms of the tribe (Portland State University, NPG).Iroquois society was matrilineal, meaning descent was traced through the mother quite a than through the father (Portland State University, NPG). They also preformed many tasks and activities that were commonly reserved for men, such as, gambling, Medicine Societies, they also participated in politics, were landowners and tended to the crops (Portland State University, NPG). Also, when a couple marries, the man traditionally went to live with the wifes family (Portland State University, NPG). Although the leaders were men, it was the order Mothers who nominated and elected them, and could detract them from their position the women made sure the male leadership fulfilled their responsibilities (Portland State University, NPG).The Minangkabau are the largest and most stable matrilineal society in the world today, numbering some 4 million people in West Sumatra (Sanday, NPG). They are a proud people well know in Indonesia for their literary flair, democratic leanings, business acumen, and matriarchal ways (Sanday, NPG). With the Minangkabau people, tribal law requires all clan property to be held and bequeat hed from mother to daughter, the Minangkabau firmly believe the mother is the most important person in society.Upon marriage, every woman acquires her own sleeping quarters. The husband may sleep with her, but must leave early in the morning to have breakfast at his mothers home. At age 10, boys leave their mothers home to stay in mens quarters and learn practical skills. Men are always clan chief, but women select the chief and can remove him from office should they feel he failed to fulfill his duties (Garrison, NPG) Their matriarchal customs are being threated by the industrialisation of Indonesia (Sanday, NPG). Westernized culture is influencing parts of Indonesia with malls, bookstores and public transportation (Sanday, NPG). But the Minangkabau people are holding tight to the reigns of their way of life, not giving up so easily to outside influences.The Mosuo are perhaps the most noteworthy matrilineal society. The Mosuo live with extended family in large households at the he ad of each is a matriarch. credit line is traced through the female side and property is passed and inherited along the matriline (Garrison, NPG). Women are business minded while the men run the political side children are raised in the mothers household, and also take her name (Garrison, NPG). In this society, there is virtually no violence in fact, it is shameful to fight (Spiegel, NPG). Men are expected to finish the tasks give (by women), when he doesnt, he is expected to admit it he is not scolded or punished, but yet, treated as a boy who was not up to the task (Spiegel, NPG).Men are raised to be competent, men are good for aiding in decision making and physical labor and the Mayor is a male, but little attention is paid to him and he doesnt have authority (figurehead) (Spiegel, NPG). Women decide with whom they want to spend the night, it can change daily (Spiegel, NPG). When a man enters a womans house (hut), he hangs his hat on a hook, outside the forepart door for others to see this woman has a male visitor (Spiegel, NPG). In the event a woman cliffs in love, she will only accept this man and this man will only come to this woman (Spiegel, NPG). The women solely care for the children, with the father playing little to no role (Spiegel, NPG). In the Mosuo society, women are the sole caretakers, money managers, leaders, laborers, and decision makers (Spiegel, NPG). They have virtually no use for the man except to fall in love with and for child-making, other than that, the men are useless until given a task by a woman (Spiegel, NPG).Lastly, the Asante of the Akan. The Akan are the majority in Ghana and still adhere to the matrilineal social structure despite pressures from the local government to change (Garrison, NPG). The Akan social organization is fundamentally built roughly the matriclan. Within this matrilineal clan, identity, inheritance, wealth and politics are all determined. All matriclan founders are female, but men traditionally hold le adership positions. Succession to inheritable appointments is still determined by the males relationships to the women in his matriclan. Often, the man is expected to not only support his own family, but those of his female relatives (Garrison, NPG).In the Asante tribe (part of the Akan), traditionally, both men and women serve as political leaders. The highest-level female leader is believed to be the mother of the entire society and it is she who chooses the male leadership (Brydon, 229). Asantes ancestry is traced to a mother figure and through the line (Brydon, 229). Their stories and folklores also originate from a motherly figure (Brydon, 229). Although a womans brothers and sons have superior claim to property, women control the resources (Brydon, 229). Females are also responsible for settling domestic affairs (Brydon, 229). Asantes women are viewed both internally (by the clans) and outwardly (by other cultures) and a strong and empowered female revolve around society (Bry don, 229)So the Great Debate asks, all of what we learn, our behavior, our intelligence, our way we are, is it internally inclined or socially constructed? In my Section A paper, I referenced a study done by Margaret Mead in New Guinea in the 1930s. In this study, she used ethnography to study three tribes, their behavior, their children and the results were immediately noticeable. The tribes were the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchumbuli (Lindsey, pg. 21-22). Tribal children regurgitated the behaviors learned by their parents and other tribe members. The Arapesh were noted in the text as compassionate and compliant between both genders (Lindsey, pg. 21). Both genders achieved great amounts of pleasure in tasks such as gardening, catch and parenting (Lindsey, pg. 21). The Arapesh shared these tasks equally and willingly (Lindsey, pg. 21).Mead concluded that even though some societies have labeled tasks as paternal/maternal, their tasks (Arapesh) could not be separated based on gender (Lindsey, pg. 21). The Tchumbuli tribe was comparable to what we are more familiar with in the United States, but in reverse. The Tchumbuli tribe displayed a role turnabout in gender roles (Lindsey, pg. 22). This tribe consisted of proficient, and unadorned women and passive, vain, and decorated men (Lindsey, pg. 22). Women fueled the tribe economically by being skilled in merchandises such as hunting, basket weaving and barter or trade (Lindsey, pg. 22.). Men were less masculine, remained close to the homes, danced and practiced art (Lindsey, pg. 22). Men also fought for the affection and attention of women women usually accepted and tolerated the advances, sometimes even finding their need for attention amusing (Lindsey, pg. 22).The Mundugumor tribe was drastically diametrical from both tribes. The Mundugumor tribe barely tolerated children (Lindsey, pg. 21). Children were often left to fend for themselves, they were taught to be fierce and hostile, competitive and vig ilant of others (Lindsey, pg. 21). Mother nor father showed much affection, nurturing or tenderness towards children, even their own and often used harsh, physical punishments (Lindsey, pg. 21). The learned behavior quickly culminated to understanding tribal success being measured by aggression, with violence as acceptable, expected solution to many problems (Lindsey, pg. 21). Due to the hostile, angry nature of the Mundugumor tribe, the children exacted these roles in their adolescent and adult life with their children and the cycle continued (Lindsey, pg. 21).Mead noted that as with the Arapesh tribe, the Mundugumor tribe did not differentiate between male and female roles. That both male and female roles were interchangeable and personalities did not differentiate based on gender (Lindsey, pg. 21).This information, coupled with the differences in the patriarchal and matriarchal societies lead me to believe and draw conclusion that nurture is the true winner in the debate. In soci ety, many traits we attribute to being inherited such as how we act like one of our parents, or how we grow up to be a certain way, with certain morals and beliefs but these are not inherited, but merely cultured by the environment (our home life, upbringing). How we act (or the role we play) is largely based on the ideals, morals, beliefs and customs of the society we associate ourselves with.As shown above, many different cultures do things differently, so to say that things are inherited, I would say is wrong. Rather, the term I would use instead is guided- people are guided by their surroundings and families. While they are free to make their own decisions about who they want to be, what they want to believe and such, they are still shaped by what is deemed acceptable or not by the society they live in. It all relates back to cultural relativism, where nurture, not nature, shapes who we are.ReferencesAsiimwe, Florence Owen Crankshaw. The impact of customary laws on inheritance A case study of widows in Urban Uganda. ledger of Law and Conflict Resolution. Vol 3 (1). Jan 2011. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.academicjournals.org/JLCR/PDF/pdf%202011/Jan/Asiimwe%20and%20Crankshaw.pdfAndrews, Cath. Italian Family Traditions- Mothers, Sons and Marriage in Italy. EZ Articles. 8 April 2010. Web. 1 August 2012. http//ezinearticles.com/?Italian-Family-TraditionsMothers,-Sons-and-Marriage-in-Italyid=4074668Brydon, Lynne. WOMEN CHIEFS AND POWER IN THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA. JOURNAL OF LEGAL PLURALISM. 1996. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/37-38/brydon-art.pdfDictionary. Patrilineal. TheFreeDictionary.com. 2012. Web. 29 Jul 2012. www.thefreedictionary.com/_/dict.aspx?word=patrilinealGarrison, Laura. 6 Modern Societies Ruled by Women. Mental_Floss. 23 July 2012. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/132885Lindsey, Linda. (2005). Gender Roles a Sociological Perspective. (4 ed.). Pearson Education International.Mernissi, Fatima . Beyond the Veil Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. (Revised Edition). 1987. Bloomington, IN Indiana University PressNobelius, Ann-Maree. What is the difference between sex and gender? Monash University. 23 June 2004. Web. 26 July 2012. WEBLINK NEEDEDN.A. Women in Politics Turkey, Greece, and Italy. 123HelpMe.com. Web. 01 Aug 2012. http//www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=30400N.A. Uganda Focus- Little change for women despite affirmative action. Irinnews.com. 19 Dec 2002. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.irinnews.org/Report/40192/UGANDA-Focus-Little-change-for-women-despite-affirmative-actionN.a. Nature versus Nurture Genetics and Environment. Tree.com. 2011. Web. 26 July 2012. http//www.tree.com/health/nature-versus-nurture-environment-or-genetics.aspxPortland State University. Iroquois Women. Portland State University. 1 October 2001. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/iroquoiswoman.htmReviere, R. Women in US Prisons Behind the Bars of the Patriar chy. University of California, San Diego. N.d. Web. 29 July 2012. www.Dimension.ucsd.edu/CEIMSA-IN-EXILE/colloques/pdfPatri/ch-9.pdfSanday, Peggy. An excerpt from Women at the center on Life in a Modern Matriarchy. University of Pennsylvania. 2002. Web. 1 August 2012.http//www.sas.upenn.edu/psanday/sanday.htmSpiegel. Men live better where women are in charge. Spiegel International. 28 May 2008. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/the-mosuo-matriarchy-men-live-better-where-women-are-in-charge-a-627363.htmlSsempogo, Herbert. Uganda Gender Violence Blocks Women Rights. AllAfrica.com. 5 October 2010. Web. 1 August 2012. http//allafrica.com/stories/201010051114.htmlUDHS- Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Key Findings 2006. Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Uganda%20DHS%202006%20Key%20Findings.pdfWicket, Sticky. Italian Culture Produces Pa triarchal Society. RiseUP.com. 16 June 2010. Web. 1 August 2012. http//www.usariseup.com/sticky-wicket-questions/italian-culture-produces-patriarchal-societyWikipedia 1. Nature versus Nurture. Wikepedia.com. 20 July 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurtureWikipedia 2. John B. Watson. Wikipedia.com. 22 July 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson.22Little_Albert.22_experiment_.281920.29Wikipedia 3. Patriarchy. Wikipedia.com. May 2010. Web. 29 July 2012. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/patriarchyWikipedia 4. Womens rights in Saudi Arabia. Wikipedia.com. 24 July 2012. Web. 29 July 2012.

Human Behavior in Organization in Global Perspective Essay Example for Free

Human air in Organization in Global Perspective EssayOrganizational behavior is a sphere that investigates the effect that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards alter an organizations effectiveness. Human behavior in organization defines also on how the employees invent in certain organization, on how we work the interpersonal relationship towards to the superior and co- educateers, according to the Maslows theory the people get make by the five categories of maslows, this would be help the employee to more productive in his work and contribute to the organization, basicall(a)y, when we come up to human behavior in organization, it is the behavior of the employees inside the organization, on now they act in their perspectives work and on how they do their duties inside the organization. How-ever in some cases people get prompt in m onenessy, with this they die their skills in order to get some incentives, money is also one of the factors that people are motivated but there is a negative side on this, sometimes this are this factors that we are evermore depend in.Human behavior in organization in world(prenominal) perspective defines that on how the employees work in different company and also the relationship on organization to another organization, it is also the do factor of the bout company and the employee on how they interact inside and outside the organization, in order them to build the relationship inside and outside of the organization, it is also make the organization be more effectiveness. One of those motivate factors is the morality, basically ethics in organization is important to make the employees be more productive to their work, and ethics defines as the character of one person.In human behavior in organization in global perspective is the relationship of one people to another, it is also the relationship of one country to another in order to build a trust, for example the negociater of one organization will go in other country to for some proposal of business in order to get the heart of the one country the leader must build a trust to his company first, with this global perspective defines as on how we deal to another.In management global perspective one of the keys to successful management is the king to understand andapply modern management principles and techniques effectively. Managersmust develop an in-depth knowledge of past and present models, theories andprocesses in order to manage effectively and intelligently. Contemporarymanagement practice is pervasive in every aspect of human life within all typesof organizations

Concert Review Essay Example for Free

Concert Review EssayThe rhythm, which was continuously steady seemed to get fleet like a heart beat by the climax of the claim. It was in addition at this point that the kinetics of the song were increasingly getting louder until all instruments met at the top with a bang and then changed the dynamics again to a moderate level until the song concluded. Waltz for Debby, written by Bill Evans and consistent by Don Sebesky, was a consonant, slow-beat waltz. The texture of this piece remained the same through its entirety and the 1,2,3 manakin was also really noticeably throughout the piece as well. The saxoph genius, trumpet and electric guitar took turns at the melody and did so through this performance in the form of solos. The dynamics throughout this song were soft and then increase to a moderate level before a decrescendo to a softer level once again. The supporting players did a fabulous job of keeping with the beat. Ancient Memories, by Fred Hamilton and arranged by P aul Ferguson, was vie the night of the concert by guest trumpeter, Darryl White. Mr. White played this song because it is the title track on his 1999 album, also called Ancient Memories.Mr. White is a professor of trumpet at the University of Nebraska. This piece began by having very dissonant tones inside the harmony with the introduction of a piano and drums. The song then changed into a to a greater extent consonant harmony, which remained throughout the rest of the song. The texture of this song was polyphonic between the trumpet and the piano. The melody of this song was bright and happy in some places within the song and more cool and relaxing in other parts as the tempo changed and the stemmas of the trumpet were held for emphasis.There were many dynamics used within this song. The song began with a crescendo from very soft to very loud and then remained in this pattern until the end when the pattern was reversed. Fly Me to the Moon was for me a song of romance from the tim e the first note began. The song was passionate and sexy and displayed dialogue without using any words. The ensemble played this piece with resoluteness and the solo by Cassi Lee provided the extended dialogue that sounded like dancing and twirling in the moonlight.This song reminded me of My centerfield Will Go On in that the instrumental nature of it tells a story, just as much as when Celine Dion is singing the lyrics. I found listening to this song a worthwhile experience and it was a fantastic beginning to the jazz concert in that it was familiar to the audience. Waltz for Debby made me wonder who Debby was and why someone would write such an old-sounding song for someone they loved. The song was very pretty, but it was of a disparate genre than that of the other pieces within the concert.It is honestly hard for me to recommend this song to anyone, for I thought it was procrastinating and lacked the depth of the other songs throughout the evening. Ancient Memories was a b eautiful piece. I am not sure enough what I enjoyed more, the fact that Mr. White played with such passion and made the song his own life history force or that this piece reminded me of my childhood. This piece reminded me of something Bill Cosby would have on the Cosby Show in one of the jazz clubs.The song was fun and although the song had a lot of repetition, I loved listening to the changes over and over again. The Jazz Ensemble concert at Tarleton was an enjoyable evening full of great practice of medicine and intellectually stimulating experiences of music that I would not have listened to if not for this assignment. Diversification is an important lesson to claim when viewing music because all music has roots from another genre and recognizing this makes you more diversified as an individual.

Tradition and Modernity Trends in Modern Jewish History Essay Example for Free

Tradition and contemporaneousness Trends in Modern Judaic History EssayThe system of traditional study as evaluated by the traditional ordering on one hand and the Haskalah on the other(a)According to Katz, Judaic education and deviateicipation in the life of the residential area usu each(prenominal)y gave the average Jew sufficient knowledge to conduct his insouciant life. and as circumstances changed questions arose almost daily. The correct application of Halacha in present circumstances was comm unaccompanied non fewthing that the layman could decide. For this, scholars of the Judaic law were needed. (Katz, 1988 p. 142)An earlier generation of Judaic educators had stressed the similarities mingled with Judaism and the norms of American democracy. That position was, of course, shaped by the immigrant experience. A curriculum that consciously teaches the importance of difference is clearly addressing itself to a changed America and more than important, another sort of Jew.Those Orthodox Jews who go on within the four ells of the Law repudiate the non-Jewish world in its entirety, up to now though they make use of young technology to further their ends. Their schools do not depart from the core curriculum brought in the Mishnah. Institutions of this kind can be found all over the world. The more removed the school and the population it serves from tradition, the more idiosyncratic its curriculum. The emphasis on identity, oddly in the United States but increasingly so in other places as nearly, may be a way of saying that what one knows about Judaism is not as important as missing to be a Jew, or feeling Jewish, something that can possibly be attained without the effort required for real learning.The separatism of those who live in a self-created ghetto is matched at the other extreme by those who decimate Judaism and identification with the Jewish people in order to identify a place, if not always an identity, in other places. T his is relatively easy to do in a fresh society that requires no unfastened or official act in order to leave the group of ones origin nor demands membership or affiliation in a recognized corporate entity.Jewish schools, like all others allwhere, teach more than is implied in the detail of the course of study. The work of Jewish educators in the last 100 years has created, for example, pockets of tube to oppressive regimes and centers of a counterculture. There is a straight line that connects between volunteer teachers in capital of Lithuania in 1893 who taught Hebrew in private homes all over the city in order to obviate detection and the more recent underground Hebrew study groups in the former Soviet uniting particularly those in the prison camps that served, among other things, as vehicles for preserving soulfulnessal identity in a land site calculated to obliterate all individuality.The Jewish concept of Tikun Olam (Making the World a Better Place), for some schools a motif that integrates all that they do, resonates with the utopianism that characterizes revolutionary move workforcets todays youngsters can achieve the similar spirit that moved their peers of an earlier prison term who attended socialist Yiddish schools that stressed the development of class consciousness as the route to an egalitarian society. The bigger message of cultural pluralism remains implied in the idea that Judaism and democracy argon not only compatible but also positively influence one another. Pupils in Jewish schools of all kinds who do their littleons well will sense that identification with the Jewish people promises a feeling of community that is difficult to find in society at large.Judaism and Jewish education has become a modern tradition. All modern Jewish movements find their origins in the Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Before the Haskalah you were either a traditional Jew or you left the Jewish people to become part of the Christian majority. patch local anaesthetic anaesthetic conditions varied, in general, pre-Haskalah Jewry led a life apart from its Gentile neighbors. In westbound Europe Jews lived in ghettos (or at least in their own separate argonas), in Eastern Europe in shtetls. This item-by-item social life did not preclude commercial relations, but in almost all other respects Jews and Gentiles belonged to separate communities. (Katz 1988 p. 141-145)Jacob Katz describes these movements asThe movement of emancipation appeared in Western Europe at the same time that Hassidism rose in the East. From the 1760s a new type of person appeared shout outed a maskil (an intellectual). This is a person who had canvas torah but added to this knowledge ther things such as foreign languages, general knowledge and interest in the world beyond the Jewish community. Soon they presented a program to change Jewish life its education, building of community and life-style. When their program began to dominate a sense of crisis swept the traditional community. This sense of dissolution was caused by processes occurring within and without Jewish society. (Katz 1988 p. 214-215)In the Renaissance followed by the Enlightenment, and the world beyond the ghetto became more welcoming and attractive. For the starting time in a long time, the non-Jewish world had something worth having, and there was the glimmer of hope that Jews could birth it while remaining Jews. The Jewish incarnation of the Enlightenment, the Haskalah, was the result.The Haskalah begins in Western Europe, and it is there that it gives rise to the low modern Jewish movements. There is no late eighteenth to early nineteenth-century Haskalah in Eastern Europe largely because there is no general late eighteenth- to early nineteenth-century Enlightenment there. It is one thing to join the burghers of Frankfurt, to file Schiller and listen to Haydn, or to become a citizen of Republican France, a dev otee of libert, galit, et fraternit. That is real competition for the ghetto and Rashi. unless the illiterate, impoverished peasantry of the czarist empire, itself horribly oppressed, was not a club to which shtetl Jews eagerly sought membership. And it would be a while before an enticing Eastern European bourgeoisie emerged.When the Haskalah is finally felt among the Jews of Eastern Europe, it is under circumstances that give rise to very different modernist movements than those that emerged in the West. But it is these Eastern European movements that are the most immediate and influential forebears of the temporal Jewish philosophy developed in this book. Later in the chapter I will turn to them. But low we will survey ideological developments among the Jews in Western Europe and its offshoot, the United States.By the eighteenth century a few Jews had permission to live in Berlin (and other German cities) because they were economically useful to the rulers. These Jews were calle d Shutzjuden (protected Jews). Initially Mendelssohn was allowed to live, study, and work in Berlin because of his association with a Shutzjude. lastly he obtained this status for himself. Mendelssohn had standard a traditional Jewish education from his father, Menachem Mendel, and his rabbi, David Fraenkel. When the latter was appointed rabbi of Berlin, Mendelssohn followed him there to continue his Jewish studies, but while there he also obtained a thorough secular education. (Mendelssohn, 1770 p.476)Mendelssohns first writings in German were secular philosophical works on aesthetics and metaphysics. When he turned to the nonsectarian lucidist philosophy of righteousness, Christian clerics, inclined to see Christianity as the embodiment of coherent religion, challenged Mendelssohn to defend his Judaism. Mendelssohn was disinclined to do it. He had never made any(prenominal) claims of superiority for Judaism, and he was against zesty in religious polemics for principled and practical reasons (Mendelssohn noted that Jews were an oppressed minority in Germany).Still, he reluctantly took up the challenge, arguing that bail bond to Judaism was rational for the Jews. Thereafter, much of Mendelssohns work concerned Jewish issues. He translated the Pentateuch and the psalm into German, and he wrote biblical commentaries in Hebrew. He argued for the improvement of the civic status of Jews, and he intervened on behalf of Jewish communities with various governments. But of most interest to us here are his attempts to modify Jewish custom. (Mendelssohn, 1770 p.478)A loyal, learned, and observant Jew, Mendelssohn denied having an interest in changing any Jewish law or practices rooted in the law. He considered Judaism to be revealed legislation. Jews were divinely commanded and obliged to observe the law. But they were not obliged to have any particular religious beliefs. Judaism was not revealed dogma. Jews were free to believe what they would. Hence Mendelssohn did not view his rationalist reading of Jewish practice as an innovation in the religion.But his rationalism did lead to a call for changes in certain Jewish practices that Mendelssohn deemed irrational and unrelated to the law. He thought these practices were based in credulity and degeneracy, the fruit of isolation and oppression. He anticipated two outcomes from the changes 1) Judaism would more clearly emerge as the rational and dignified religion it essentially was, thereby uplifting the Jewish character, and 2) Jews would ultimately be more congenial as fellow countrymen to the Gentiles. This second outcome would be a result of the first, combined with the increasing rationalisation and liberalization of Christian society itself. (Mendelssohn, 1770 p. 480)There were no Orthodox Jews before the Haskalah. While there were some variations of local customs, there was only one brand of Judaism. Individuals may have been more or less pious, but there was no disagreement about t he substance of Judaism. It was only with the Enlightenment and the rise of unsnarl that traditional Jewry had to define its relation to modernity. tidy up Jews were claiming that it was now possible to join European civilization and remain a Jew, if certain changes were made in Judaism.But of course many Jews refereeused to deviate from traditional Jewish law. One segment of the Jews who were unwilling to make changes in the law thought that modernity and Judaism were incompatible these Jews had no desire to join European civilization. They are best termed Traditional Jews. Traditional Jews tried to ignore and separate themselves from non-Jewish culture. Except for some Chasidic sects, there are really no surviving communities of traditional Jews. (Mendelssohn, 1770 p. 485)But there was another segment of Jews, also completely opposed to any changes in the law, who believed that strict Torah adherence could accommodate modernity. They constitute Jewish Orthodoxy, which, in its way, is as much a child of Mendelssohn and the Haskalah as Reform is.The basic belief of Orthodoxy, which it shares with Traditional Judaism, is that the Torah is divinely given and eternally valid. Even the authoritative rulings of the future are believed to have been revealed at Sinai. 11 The Orthodox hold that to deny the divine and binding nature of the Torah is to give out Judaism of its substance. The 613 traditional mitzvot, commandments, are divinely ordained and obligatory for Jews. No doctrinal concessions are permissible.Jacob Katz concludes that It was in the electron orbit of education that the conflict between tradition and innovation became open warfare In gentile society a new educational philosophy had emerged that all children should receive the same education, regardless of religion. (Katz 1988 p.229)A maskil called Naphtali cycle per second Wessely came up with a different idea in a famous pamphlet called Words of relaxation and Truth the basis of education should be educational values shared by all men (torat ha-adam) while the teacjing of torah (torat ha-elohim) was to remain only a special supplement of the Jews education. Wessely emphasized subjects such as the local language, geography, history, etc. Even in his proposed Jewish studies he preferred bible studies, Hebrew and grammar which were closer to exterior society over Talmudic studies. Wessely argued that such a curriculum would lead to the perfection and salvation of the individual Jew. (Katz 1988 p.230) contrast the responses to Hasidism of the vilna Gaon and of Rabbi Hayyim of volozhin.The Gaon is alleged to have urged his disciples to engage in secular studies indeed, the example set by the Gaon himself in this respect encouraged the maskilim to take up the banner of general education. The historians who have critically discussed the attitude of the Gaon of capital of Lithuania to Haskalah are Ben-Zion Katz, Joseph Klausner, Israel Zinberg, Louis Greenberg, and Raphael Mahler. These authors, though differing in various details, display remarkable similarities in their figures of the Gaons position and piece in relation to the beginnings of Haskalah in eastern Europe.The Gaons positive attitude to what would ultimately characterize the Haskalah movement, according to the aforementioned authors, is exemplified first and foremost in his favorable approach to secular studies. For example, Katz holds that, although the Gaon rejected philosophy, he loved and greatly look up to the natural sciences. (Mendelssohn, 1770 p. 378)During the intermediate days of Passover in 1772, the organized struggle against Hasidism was launched. The community of Vilna, the largest and most important of the Jewish communities of Poland and Lithuania, initiated the struggle and called on other communities to follow in its footsteps. (Etkes, 2002 p. 73)This was not a struggle over ideas between two currents or what may be called a Kulturkampf. The community of Vilna and t he communities associated with it started a total war against what they viewed as a deviant sect. The aim of this war was to remove Hasidism and the Hasidim from the world. For that purpose the community organizations used a variety of means at their disposal testimony was gathered about the crimes of the Hasidim, Hasidic writings were seized and burned, Hasidic leaders were arrested and punished, and above all, it was forbidden, under pain of excommunication, to adduce Hasidic minyanim. (Etkes, 2002 p. 74)Shimeon Dubnow describes the struggles outbreak according to his general conception of the essence of Hasidism, on the one hand, and of the rabbinate, on the other. He defines the rabbinate as the system of the religion of the book, a religion consisting principally of study expertise in literature thousands of years old, in laws, and in infinitely beautiful concatenations of law upon law and scrupulous obedience to the commandments in all their precise details. In Dubnows opi nion, the rabbinate, in this sense, fixed the normative foundations of the community organization and established its values. (Etkes, 2002 p. 75)Dubnow regarded the struggle against Hasidism as a natural response, even a necessary one, of the rabbinate and the community leadership against a movement that rebelled against them and challenged them. As he says, the aim of Hasidism was essentially to challenge the scholarly foundation of the religion and to replace it with the element of hidden faith, to emphasize emotion and devotion in the observance of the commandments rather than piling up heaps of regulations on them.By the nature of his discussion, Katz does not hand out with events in detail, he does not address the question of the role played by the Gaon versus that played by the community leaders. However, regarding the motivations for opposition to Hasidism, it appears from Katzs account that the Gaon and the community leaders acted from identical motives the defense of the tradition against those who deviated from it and threatened its integrity. (Etkes, 2002 p. 79)While Dubnow and Katz believed that the Gaon and the community leaders acted from identical motives, Hayyim Hillel Ben-Sasson contends that there were two circles of warriors here, each of which had its own emphasis and preference regarding the purposes of the war and its means. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the polemical writings those that were, in his opinion, written with the contribute inspiration of the Gaon versus those composed by the community leaders BenSasson reached the conclusion that the Gaon and his circle combated Hasidism because of matters of faith and ways of worshiping the Creator, whereas the community leaders opposed Hasidim because of their damage to communal and religious order. (Etkes, 2002 p. 75)When the leaders of the Rabbi Shneur Zalman was forced to deal with the issue of the Gaons sureness because the leaders of the Mitnagdim continually appeale d to that say-so, whenever objections were raised to their claims. In that matter as well, Rabbi Shneur Zalman advanced a Halakhic logical argument. He did not deny the view of the Mitnagdim that the Gaon was unique in his generation. However, against the opinion that one must obey the greatest authority of the generation without reservation, he advanced the principle of majority rule.True, the Gaon was unique in his generation, but he was notwithstanding a single man, whereas the maggid of Mezhirech and the other Hasidic leaders were the majority. Altogether, the position that Rabbi Shneur Zalman took regarding the Gaon was ambivalent he recognized his iniquitous personal merit, but he also denied his authority as a sole Halakhic arbiter. It would not be too much to say that there is a good deal of irony in the incident that the leaders of the Mitnagdim constantly had recourse to the Gaons charisma, whereas the Hasidic leader based his argument on Halakhic principles. (Etkes, 2002 p. 75-92)As noted, the role played by the Gaon at the start of the campaign against Hasidism and the motivations that guided him occupied a considerable part of the letter sent by Rabbi Shneur Zalman to his Hasidim in Vilna in 1797. Later in his epistle, Rabbi Shneur Zalman tells his Hasidim that, after the failed experience to Vilna, the Hasidic leaders traveled to Shklov to take part in the controversy initiated by the Mitnagdim there. When the Mitnagdim realized that they could not refute the arguments of the Hasidim, they came with a strong arm and hung themselves from the great tree of ha-Gaon he-Hasid, may his light burn brightly. and then the failure to appease the Mitnagdim in Shklov was also connected to the Gaons authority. Rabbi Shneur Zalman further explains to his Hasidim that, not only had the Gaon prevented dialogue and balancing in the past, but until he changed his mind there was no hope for reconciliation and accommodation. The constant repeat of the statem ent that the Gaon was the one who had prevented and continued to prevent any possibility of reconciliation between the Hasidim and their opponents reflects lore of the exceeding force of his authority.The Gaon regarded the people from whom he received information as reliable witnesses whose word was not to be doubted. At that stage further information came to him the well-known intermediary, whose identity is unknown to us, told him of a Hasidic rendering of a passage in the Zohar. The Gaon regarded that interpretation as heresy and Epicureanism. Hence, when Rabbi Menahem Mendel and RabbiThe description of the attitude of the Gaon was not meant to remind the reader of forgotten things. Following those words, the Mitnaged challenges the Hasid how did he have the temerity to thrust his head in among the rangy mountains, that is to say, the Gaon, on the one hand, and the Hasidic leaders, on the other, and to decide in favor of the latter against the stand of the Gaon? underlie this challenge was the Gaons authority. That authority, whose power permitted the persecution of the Hasidim, is here presented as a reason for rejecting their way. (Etkes, 2002 p. 75-95)Rabbi Hayyims friendly attitude toward the Hasidim who studied in his yeshiva and were guests in his home, the interest he showed in the teachings of their rabbis, and that fact that his son owned Hasidic books and studied them all of these clearly prove that the Mitnagdim had some authority for ignoring the prohibitions imposed by the Gaon on contact with Hasidim.The argument that the Gaons position regarding Hasidism was based on error is not new. As noted, this was the opinion of both Rabbi Menahem Mendel of Vitebsk and of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Lyady. Both of them light the Gaon of malicious intention because he had been misled by false witnesses. Rabbi Shneur Zalman took a further step and presented evidence that even the Sages of the Sanhedrin were liable to err. Hence the error of a communal leader was a legitimate occurrence. However, the author of Maref Haavodah is not content with these explanations and seeks to endow the Gaons error with a theological dimension.The Gaons opposition to Hasidism was not just a human error, but the product of the precise planning of divine providence. The Kabbalistic principle that every manifestation of divine light must be accompanied by an obscuration and concealment also applies to the revealing of the Baal Shem Tov. Hence the Gaons opposition was a concealment necessitated by the abundance of light. This surprising explanation of the Gaons struggle against Hasidism is a kind of sweetening of judgments, for the severe persecution of the Hasidim was sweetened and its sting removed.The bans, the humiliations, and the bodily and economic injury to the Hasidim took place only to conceal the strength of the divine light that broke through with the revelation of the Baal Shem Tov and the maggid of Mezhirech. Thus it was possible to m aintain both the honor and authority of the Gaon, and the righteousness and honor of Hasidism. This harmonious explanation, which can also be expound as the mystification of the struggle between the Hasidim and the Mitnagdim, leaves no doubt as to which of the two warring camps received the divine light and which of them served as a veil meant to conceal it.The effort of the author of Maref Haavodah to make sense of the opposition to Hasidism led by the Gaon expresses a viewpoint typical in the first decades of the nineteenth century. In the beginning of the century the organized struggle against Hasidism came to an end. The cessation of the persecution can be attributed to a number of factors the Gaons death, recognition by the Russian authorities of the right of the Hasidim to hold separate minyanim, and increasing recognition that the Hasidim were not heretics. (Etkes, 2002 p. 75-95)Jacob Katz describes Hassidism as a religious and social movement. It emphasized reaching ecstasy through the military operation of the religious rites, and socially it set up a new pattern a group of habituated followers headed by the Zaddik whos claim was charisma, not necessarily scholarship. This community was voluntary. (Katz, 1988 p.76)Works CitedImmanuel Etkes, The Gaon of Vilna The Man and His scope (Berkeley University of California Press, 2002), Chapter 5, pp. 151-208.Karlinsky, H. Harishon leshushelet Brisk The founder of the Brisk dynasty. Jerusalem, 1984.Katz, B-. Rabanut, asidut, haskalah The rabbinate, Hasidism, Haskalah. 2 vols. Tel Aviv, 1956.Katz, J. Jewish Civilization as Reflected in the YeshivotJewish Centers of Higher Learning. Journal of World History 10 (1967) 698700.Katz, J. Tradition and Crisis Jewish Society at the give up of the Middle Ages. New York, 1993.Krassen, M. A. Devequt and Faith in Zaddiquim. Ph. D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1990.Landau, B. Hagaon heasid miVilna The righteous Gaon of Vilna. Jerusalem, 1965.Marcu s, I. G., ed. Dat veevra bemishnatam shel asidei Ashkenaz Religion and society in the precept of asidei Ashkenaz. Jerusalem, 1987.Mendelssohn translated the Torah (Pentateuch) into German probably starting in the middle of the 1770s.