Historical Cost and Fair Value

historic Cost and Fair prise1.0 INTRODUCTION in that location harbor been many discussions and debates concerning delectation of pretty harbor write up against pulmonary tuberculosis of diachronic be method of explanation. Some pick bring together observe whilst nearly possess a preference for historic bell bill. Both systems of military rank rich person been criticized and as well embraced.It is evident that a quality description and quantitative training ab protrude the nature of the fiscal as dress circle is essentially important and the amount that is appraised from the chosen method acting acting of rating is admitd in the fiscal statements. The question stock-still remains as to which measuring rod method must one use to cope with todays interlacing pecuniary instruments and risk trouble strategies. We must acknowledge that we ar in an era where we use many complicated financial instruments and risk focus strategies which render that yesterdays prices may break beget obsolete and many commonwealth now demand historic personify be either abandoned, re haveed, limited or re named by current wrong system to reflect a more than than right financial insurance coverage (Muller, K. A., 2008).The issue of assets and liabilities military rating has convey more pressing now than it was ever before. The FASB1is slowly modernizing the GAAP2principles and in doing so, it is attempting to make financial statements more meaningful and bring books in frontier with the international standards.Historical court and honest judge methods of valuation have two been around for a yearn duration. The woof of whether to switch to sightly lever method is af modal(a)ingly an important decision where all perspectives have to be equally evaluated in tump overing the transition from an existing to a peeled method of financial asset valuation. History has proven that the historical comprise principle has worked absolutely fin e all this patch. This now poses us a question as to why the consideration and speculation to switch to a new method of financial asset valuation. What theories and what tooshie should drive the want to pick a varying method of financial asset valuation and what could be loftyly considered being the opportune time for the switch in choice of model.With the ever increasing concerns amidst two the public and confidential sectors pertaining to the adequacy of financial statement reporting by respective financial institutions, a considerable attention has been receive by the FASB, SEC3and an separate(prenominal) regulating bodies.The adaption of the IFRS4in the European Union with effect from 1st of January 2005 birthed a number of signifi lavt changes in how squiffys must report their financial positions (Muller et al 2008). bar of financial assets is the core issue of relevance in financial method of invoice and reporting today.In order to decide which method of valuatio n one must choose, it is imperative that at that place must be a sound fancying of the unobjectionable encourage and historical hail method of valuation for financial assets.This seminar attempts to carry surface an in depth look into on the just note nurse and historical personify method of valuation, infrastand the at a lower placelying assumptions of each, identify the strengths and weaknesses of both.Various companies has been seeked and contacted in order to obtain feedback on their chosen method of financial asset and liabilities valuation. Responses received be summarized in analysis and findings section of this account and has been deliberated upon in understanding how companies and organizations in Fiji be valuing their assets and liabilities for reporting in their financial statements.Also encompassed atomic number 18 various writings and resource materials that we have studied. These have been re intellectioned and key essence and aspects of topic under register has been entailed in section entitled Literature Review.1.1 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS chronicle is highly purposive field and any assumption, principle or functioning is accordingly justified if it adequately serves the end in view (Paton, 1922). There ar many accounting conventions under the Generally Accepted chronicle Principles (GAAP) which is now known as IFRS.Historical Cost Convention is the pompous valuation concept whose resources be treasured in accordance with the damage of acquisition by the enterprise (Glautier and Underdown, 1982). Assets atomic number 18 recorded at their schoolmaster cost at the time of purchase. This convention is highly preferent for the historical cost method everywhere reasonable apprise.The Conservatism Convention assumes that accountants are pessimistic in measuring revenues and expenses. Revenues are not recorded until they were ab break through certain but expenses were recorded as soon as they be fall remote. If acco untants had to choose for cadences of cost for assets and liabilities they would have chosen the lowest for assets and highest for liabilities or soly gull historical cost method.The historical cost of method is well pet over the unobjectionable(a) foster method as the invoice as a Historical record is concerned at providing a airless record of transaction of an entity rather to provide a valuation of the firm at a pass alongn period of time (Godfrey et. al, 2006 pg 18).While historical cost method may give nigh indication to shareholders of the stewardship of management in the management of costs and money capital under the control, the records give no indication of the factual worth of the enterprise as a going concern except to the extent that operating get is a bodeive devise (Budge and Hendriksen, 1974).Objective of stewardship is metrical footd on agency opening. Managers choice of accounting method usually comes as agency theory. Agency theory provides a neces sary explanation of why a selection of extra accounting method might matter, and hence was an important facet for the growth of Positive accounting theory. It is assumed that under agency theory geniuss go forth assume that the agents ( adept) will be driven by ego interest and in that respectfore the headers will anticipate that the managers, unless restricted from doing separatewise, will undertake self serving activities that could be detrimental to the economic welfare of the principals (Deegan 2002).Since the behavior of this principal cannot be predicted as their salaries are tied to accounting figures and monitoring the principal behavior is difficult. The preparers of financial reports will choose measuring rod ass for higher(prenominal) profit for the remuneration purposes. It could be meliorate if the particular method much(prenominal)(prenominal) as historical cost is stated in the contract of the principal for reporting purpose.Watts and Zimmerman identified three key hypotheses that have become habitual in the Positive explanation Theory literary works to explain and predict whether an organization would support or oppose a particular accounting method.A higher profit is precise under the management assumption or bonus plan hypothesis. The preparers of the reports will use such accounting methods that increase current reported income. Such method increases the present entertain of bonuses if the compensation committees do not adjust for the methods chosen. This hypothesis predicts that if managers are rewarded in terms of performance with accounting figures than mangers will chose methods to increase accounting profit with an attempt to increase bonus.A higher profit is also preferent by Debt Equity hypothesis which predicts that thehigher the firms debt equity ratio the more likely the managers use accounting methods that increases income. The higher the debt to equity ratio, the closer the firms to the constraints in debt coven ant. The tighter the covenant constraint, the greater the hazard of a covenant violation and of incur of costs from technical defaults. Mangers choosing income increasing accounting method relaxes debt constraints and reduces the technical defaults (Deegan 2002).The semipolitical Hypothesis predicts the larger firms rather than small firms are likely to choose accounting methods that reduces reported profit. Reducing reported profit could decrease the possibility that people will argue that the organization is exploiting other parties by applying problem practices that generate excessive profit for the evaluates of owners while at the same time providing limited returns to others parties pertain in the transaction.Chambers Theory of Continuously modern-day history made feeling about what people need in terms of instruction. Chamber makes an assumption about the objective of accounting is to clear future actions. He prescribed that all assets should be measured at net mark et tax and that such instruction is more multipurpose for informed decision making than information based on historical cost which could be misleading.A number of prescriptive theories were developed which adoptive Decision Usefulness approach to Accounting Theory. Chambers Blueprint paper published in 1955 is arguably among the first to emphasis decision service program .He wrote It is thitherfore corollary of the assumption of rational management that there shall be an information providing system, such as basis for decision and as a basis for reviewing the consequences of decision. It is suggested that accounting information should be germane(predicate), verifiable, free from bias and quantifiable. The choice of Accounting Methods depends on factors such as reli capacity, relevance, timeliness and comparability.Finally, there are several(prenominal) other theories to accounting which could explain the choice for the kind of measure base or method. Cost Attach theory, Investo r theory, True income theory, Behavioral Accounting theory, Measurement theory, Accounting as Magic and communication theory and others. Measurement is a hub of Accounting which has a lot of accounting theory underlying standard basis. The minimum occupyment for giving theoretical justification to an allocation method are that it should be possible to specify unambiguously and in advance, the method to be utilize and to defend that choice against all competing alternatives.2.0 LITERATURE limited reviewThere has been much discussion about sane rank accounting. Disclosing assets at their lovely value as opposed to their historical cost is preferred by some but opposed by others. The use of decorous value accounting has been around for decades primarily for financial assets. In juvenile years, both the Financial Accounting Standards progress (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have moved towards more extensive use of picturesque value accounting.Ac cording to Godfrey et al (2006) the use of historical cost for valuation of non-monetary assets has come from several sources, these include the 1940 book by Paton and Littleton, An Introduction to Corporate Accounting Standards. The book provides many of the theoretical affirmations for the accounting. Historical cost is generally delineate as the amount at which the asset or liability was in the beginning obtained. Where the historical cost is expected to be different from the final value when the item is no longer on the balance sheet, some amortisation or depreciation of the value is expected. This can result in an amortised cost or depreciated cost value. These values are generally more faith fully determinable, but less relevant than passably value.Casonbona et al (2007) define dependable value as the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction. This assumes that it represents market value in a sufficiently productive and efficient market. Where no market exists, the reliable value would need to be conceptually estimated.In making comparisons between the two, Toppe Shortridge et al (2006) refer to an argument of relevance over reliability. They argue that the proponent of picturesque value accounting believe that historical cost financial statements are not relevant because they do not provide information about current values. Theorists and practitioners against sportsmanlike value argue that the information provided by fair value financial statements is unreliable because it is not based on arms length transactions. They have it off that if information is unreliable it should not be apply to make financial decisions. However they also argue that the proponents of fair value accounting would assume that it is more relevant to decision makers even if it is less reliable. These arguments include that fair value accounting would produce balance sheets that are more part of the attach tos value. Specifically, unless the values of fixed assets are assumed to remain the same over time, historical cost information is relevant just up on obtaining the asset.A number of studies have been conducted to argue that one method is more appropriate than another.Ebling (2001) argues that accounting rules around the world are moving steadily towards fair value accounting and away from historical cost accounting. In his study he argues that the banking systems figures would become more volatile. The banks would see their business managed against long term objectives and not short term measures and it is historical costs that better(p) reflect the economic substance of the transactions, the actual cash flow and the meshing process. Chisnall (2001) also supports this view and argues that the banking industry as an casing would be stovepipe to use modified historical cost as a better basis on which to measure banking book performance in pr imary coil financial statements. The issue of volatility has surfaced in recent times with the example of the collapse of Enron as an example.Barr (2009) reflects that fair value can be an accurate way to value assets but it needs time to be fully perfected. With Enron fair value accounting was used to mislead investors, regulators and the general public. Kemp (2008) argues that fair value accounting works best where the legal framework of hunting lodge accepts the subjectivity of the market and thus divergent values as in Europe, as opposed the USA with its very open legal system.The disadvantages of fair value are also highlighted. It is argued that valuation is a subjective judgment and therefore as an example if two evaluators were to conduct the valuation process they may arrive at different estimates of the fair value although both would have followed the objectives of fair value beat.There are many issues involved with fair value accounting. Some argue that fair value is g ood to investors when they are trying to evaluate risk, return and valuation of a business.Dvorakova (2007) in her study of historical costs versus fair value quantity in financial accounting uses the example of non-financial assets. In her study she notes that IAS 41- Agriculture sets a precedent in application of the fair value measurement to biologic assets and agricultural production. The study states that the fair value measurement has been required by IAS 41 because historical cost measurement is not able to silver screen the value of biological assets of enterprises in the market environment.Muller et al (2008) essay the cause of and consequences of investment place companies choice to use the historical cost or fair value standard to account for their primary asset, real estate. The examination exploits the European Unions adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards which require companies to make this choice under IAS 40 Investment airplane propeller. The study recorded that companies are more likely to use the fair value standard when a company shows a greater commitment to reporting transparency. It showed that some companies however were also opportunistic in apply fair value to report larger gains than companies using the historical cost standard.Christensen and Nikolaev (2009) studied whether and why companies prefer fair value to historical cost when they can choose between the two valuation methods. Their study show that with the exception of investment property owned by real estate companies, historical cost by far dominates fair value in practice. They state that fair value accounting is not used for plant, equipment and tangible assets. They lay out that companies using fair value accounting rely more on debt financing than companies that use historical cost. This evidence is consistent with companies using fair value to show asset liquidation values to their creditors and is not consistent with equity investors demandi ng fair value accounting for non-financial assets.This study was based on a assay of 1,539 companies. It identified each companys valuation practice by reading the accounting policy section in its annual report. No companies in the test used fair value accounting for intangible assets. Only 3% used it for assets such as plant and equipment. With very few exceptions fair value is used exclusively for property. The study also looked the balance sheets of the companies and found that that the total assets and shareholders equity were, respectively, 31% and 88% higher on number for the companies using fair value as opposed to a matched attempt of companies that alone use historical cost accounting. The study also proves that a mixed approach is taken to the use of fair value under IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment.The study further states that companies that follow historical cost accounting must periodically test their asset for impairment. An asset is considered stricken whe n its carrying amount is higher than its fair value less the costs to carry and the present value of future cash flows it is expected to generate. With historical cost accounting companies will in practice value assets close to fair value if depreciated historical costs exceed fair value. In melody under fair value accounting companies revalue assets either up or downwards depending on the change in the fair value estimate.Beier (2008) talks about measurement issues with existing mixed standard models. Hestates that mismatches may occur because some assets and liabilities are reported at historical costs and some are marked to fair value. Examples he gives includeFinancial institutions report many assets at fair value and the debt used to finance those assets is reported at historical costDebt nominated in a foreign currency is translated at spot rate while assets financed with that debt is translated at historical rateDerivative used to finance arsenal are reported at fair value while such inventory is reported at historical cost.Grover (2008) in his look at the debate of fair value versus historical costs states that while there needs to be consistency in accounting it may be necessary to measure certain balance sheet items at fair value and other at historical cost.It can be argued from the literature and studies conducted that fair value and historical costs both have their place in accounting. There are many different and unique kinds of businesses so one universal standard for valuing assets may be suitable for some but not for others. Fair value is beneficial due to its ability to provide an up to date value of business assets, but fair value may also inaccurately inflate the value of a company due to mistakes or misrepresentations and in doing so can wrongly increase the confidence of investors and therefore increase its capital.Historical costs are beneficial as it is widely understood by investors and companies. Historical cost does not rely on estimating the value of assets and thus allows less get on for fraudulent activities to occur. However the use of this standard can underestimate the value of a company since an increase in the value of an asset is not recorded until the asset is sold or traded. Although this may cause investors to awake of a company who has a deflated value it does provide more stability in the market.If both accounting standards are used it can improve meaningful information for decision making. The use of fair value allows for an up to date value of assets and produces relevant costs. As an example if a company owned a edifice the fair value of that building will be the opportunity cost of that building in terms of it being sold or rented or used for something other the companies think use. As historical value is more widely used and understood it can be used as an external use of reporting value of assets. Historical costs can be used as the base in reporting value and fair value used as an estimate or projected value of assets to investors.3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES postTo discuss the principle of historical cost and fair value methods of measurement and determine whether it is appropriate to use both methods when amass a set of financial statements.OBJECTIVESThe scope of our research aims to address the succeeding(a) issuesDiscuss the rationale of historical cost method.Benefits and constraints of historical cost method.Discuss the rationale of fair value method.Benefits and constraints of fair value method.Whether it is appropriate to use both methods when roll up a set of financial statements.Benefits and constraints of using both methods.4.0 RESEARCH METHODSIn compiling this research project, we used the following techniques to obtain data which are as followsQuestionnaire DistributionWe compiled questions and distributed to 30 reporting entities in Suva and Nasinu area. These were given specifically to financial statement preparers namely financial controllers a nd accountants.Review of literatureWe reviewed the research papers and journals carried out by several researchers on fair value and historical cost.Online ResearchAccessing the internet played a vital fictional character in obtaining current and up-to-dateInformation regarding historical cost and fair value.5.0 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGSQuestion 11. What method of measurement does your company before long use?Upon analyzing the outcomes of the 25 received responses from the reporting entities, 1 uses fair value method, 17 companies adopt to using historical cost as measurement basis while 7 stated that they use both methods that is fair value and historical costs. The table below shows the methods used by the companies in compiling the financial statements.KeyHC Historical costFV Fair valueBoth Historical cost and fair valueWhat are the benefits (advantages) of historical cost did you consider prior to implementing this measurement basis?The responses received in regards to the adv antages of historical cost method have been quite connatural and we have analysed the advantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents.What are the constraints (disadvantages) of historical cost measurement basis that your company may have faced?The responses received in regards to the disadvantages of historical cost method have been quite similar and we have analysed the disadvantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents.The respondents of 68% (17 out of 25) agreed that the benefits of using historical cost (Question 2) as its measurement basis exceeds the constraints identified in Question 3 while 32% (8 out of 25) thought otherwise. The major reasoning being that historical cost is clean easy to use and understand and also in Fiji, there is constraints for overlook of active markets for some classes of assets, thus for valuation purposes, adopting to fair value becomes an dearly-won for task for entities.What are the benefit s (advantages) of fair value did you consider prior toimplementing this measurement basis?The responses received in regards to the advantages of fair value method have been quite similar for most companies and we have analysed these advantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents.What are the constraints (disadvantages) of fair value measurement basis thatyour company may have faced?The responses received in regards to the disadvantages of Fair value method have been quite similar and we have analysed these disadvantages in the following categories showing the number of respondents.Do you consider that the benefits outweigh the constraints in using fair value as the measurement basis?Considering that only 32 %- 8 (1 FV and 7 both) out of the 25 companies use fair value, they responded that the benefit of the fair value identified in Question 5 does outweigh the constraints in Question 6 while the 68% (17) thought otherwise. We consider that the major factor behind this is due to lack of active markets for some assets whereby this becomes a cost constraint for entities and the complex nature of the methods used in fair value.Do you consider that it is appropriate to use both methods when compiling a setof financial statements? If so, please outline the benefits and limitations ofusing both methods i.e. historical cost and fair value?Of the 25 respondents, 19 (76%) of them view that it is appropriate to use both methods i.e. historical cost and fair value when compiling a set of financial statements while 6 (24%) of them view otherwise. The major reasoning being that this would be more reliable and relevant for decision making process such as for assets like Property Plant Equipment, entities consider using historical cost basis of measurement since it is easy and efficient to use while for investments they consider fair value since current and market valuation is needed. come alongmore, the entities (respondents) also sketch benefits and constraints of using both methods i.e. historical cost and fair value which is analysed as follows6.0 LIMITATIONSIn carrying out our research we encountered some problems that we think have inherent this research and is outlined asDifficulties were faced by the group in seeking responses to the questionnaires on the subject matter as some companies were reluctant to provide information due to the busy schedules of their employees and key players from whom information was required and also tete-a-tete companies have strict confidentiality policies which restricted us in obtaining responses.There is a possibility that questionnaires were likely to be filled out by accountants and account officers who do not have knowledge to that extend about their companys policies regarding measurement hence there is a chance for incorrect data.Several companies refused to figure as they required going through the protocol of seeking consent from human resource department which was time cons uming.Out of 30 questionnaires given, only 25 responses were received. If all had responded, we would have been able to gather more information which would have enhanced our analysis and findings.Likelihood of sampling error as disadvantaged by geographical area. Due to time constraints we distributed the questionnaires only in Suva and Nasinu areas hence the study of other reporting entities from other regions could not be taken. If the questionnaires had been distributed to other region, then this paper would have been more creditable and informative. exuberant information based on foreign markets. This is a limitation as findings to Fijis context could not really be made. base on our readings, overseas markets have efficient markets whereas in the South Pacific it is limited to only one.Our group made an effort to interview some companies however it was faineant since they were unable to find a mutually convenient time.7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION7.1 RecommendationsBased on the research and in support of our conclusion, we recommend thatThat the professional accounting bodies should continue to address the issue of measurement to provide with a solution. Accounting professional bodies such as AASB, FASB and IASB should be specific in their conceptual framework which measurement method should be used for different assets and be consistent across all borders.Accounting professional bodies such as AASB, FASB and IASB should provide conceptual framework for measurement such as on outdo of businesses that is small size business, medium size and large business.Further studies to be carried out on the mixed method model appropriateness, incorporating the views of other stakeholders such as users given our narrow scope of research as well as need to consult a more exemplar sample of all stakeholders given our small sample size.7.2 CONCLUSION split 100 of the IASB poser states that A number of different measurement bases are employed to different degrees and in varying combinations in financial statements. However, there is a lack of guidance in the framework in providing criteria for selecting measurement basis for particular elements of financial statements. Although accounting practices have changed considerably, still an whelm large majority of transactions is recorded and reported based on historical cost as it was centuries ago (Ijiri, 1975).Our conclusion is that it is appropriate to use both historical cost and fair value when compiling a set of financial statements. This conclusion is based through prudent military rating of previous researches and the findings from the responses to our research questionnaire and thus it is conclusive that there is no ideal method for asset measurement.There is satisfactory research to support that fair value provides and enhances the relevance of financial information especially to assets with existing markets. However, this study identifies that in Fiji historical cost is the most prefe rred method for most firms and this may be of the fact that Fiji has many small to medium scale of businesses.Although fair value is included in the conceptual framework of accounting, there is insufficient empirical evidence and literature that views it to be the best method. Historical cost method reduces a number of problems, including information manipulation by managers, which further affects its reliability in decision making. Furthermore, development of rigid accounting standards is imperative to increase reliability of fair value.Paragraph 101 of the IASB Framework states that in preparing financial statements historical cost is usually combined with other measurement bases. Given that the framework does not explicitly refute and fight such approach, using both fair value and historical cost simultaneously is not exactly deemed to be unprincipled. By using fair value, information becomes more relevant to decision-making process as it reflects up-to-date information. point though fair value may be relevant, its reliability is indeterminate due to its subjective nature of determination. Lastly, by using both methods we are able to enjoy the benefits inherent in fair value as well as historical cost. One can argue that by combining the two, the reports become open to disadvantages inherent in the two as well.

Stuxnet Network Worm Computer Science Essay

Stuxnet Network Worm Computer Science EssayStuxnet, a internet wrench that, during the azoic part of 2010, began to contaminate Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and programmable logical arrangement controllers (PLCs) becoming the maiden rootkit for PLCs. PLCs be usu solelyy not connected to the Internet, or the internal network, so the creators had to devise a rule to get the insect onto these systems. The worm would use 4 zero-day vulnerabilities to propagate done internal networks, and would lading itself onto flash drives. Once the flash drive was plugged into an ICS, it would copy itself onto the system, and depress to check to see if there was a PLC attached to the system. The worm would first base gather information of its victim to determine if it was its target, and if it found it, the worm would began to veer the encipher of the PLCs which were believed to sabotage the systems. In the end it is undetermined if Stuxnet reached its goal.StuxnetStuxnet is a worm t hat is said to be an incredibly large and complex threat. It was primarily write to target a specific ICS or a set of like systems, possible somewhere in Iran. The final goal of Stuxnet is to reprogram an ICS by modifying the code on the PLCs to grow them work in the manner the attacker intended, such(prenominal) as operate away(p) normal boundaries, and to hid these changes from the operators of the machine. The creators, in tramp to pass their goal, amassed a variety of components to increase the chance of success. These components included zero-day moulds, anti-virus evasion techniques, windows rootkit, the first ever PLCStuxnet 4rootkit, hooking code, march injection, network tarnishion routines, peer-to-peer updates, and a command and control interface.The worm was found in July of 2010, and is confirmed to bring in existed a year prior to that, and likely it has existed in the beginning that, with a majority of the infections being based in Iran. June 2009 was t he earliest Stuxnet sample seen. It did not exploit an auto-run function of a dismissible storage, and did not contain signed drivers to order itself. In January of 2010, Stuxnet reappe ared, this time it had signed certificate from Realtek, and could install itself without any problems. July of 2010 Microsoft revokes the stolen Realtek driver employ by Stuxnet, and the very next day, Stuxnet reemerges with a signed JMicron engineering science Corp certificate. By September of 2010, the worms exploits sustain been uneven by Microsoft, and all stolen signed certificates revoked.Stuxnet had many indications included into it to make true it reached its goal. Some of these features included a self-replication through removable storage, sp put downing with a vulnerability in Windows Print Spooler, making itself execute with the Step 7 project, updating through peer-to-peer, command and control server for updates by a hacker, bypasses security features, and hides all modify code on PLCs. Stuxnet is capable of more(prenominal), off the beaten track(predicate) more, but these are the most noticeable features about this worm that make it a large and complex threat.Stuxnet 5InjectionThe injection method used by Stuxnet was complex, due to the fact that it had to make sure it would infect its target machine, and so it could bypass any security encountered. In order to load any .dll, including itself, Stuxnet would call the LoadLibrary with a specially crafted name that does not exist on the disk and normally cause LoadLibrary to fail. However, W32.Stuxnet has hooked Ntdll.dll to monitor lizard for requests to load specifically crafted file names. These specially crafted file names are mapped to another location instead that is specified by W32.Stuxnet. Once a .dll file has been loaded by this method, GetProcAddress is because used to find the cut across of a specific export from the .dll file and that export is called, handing control to the tonic .dll fi le. If Stuxnet detects any security software, it volition get the briny version of it and send itself in a new process to bypass the scanning of the software.The process of injecting itself into a process is located in Export 15. First it checks the abidance data of the system, and so it testament check to see if the system is 64-bit, which if it is it volition exit the system. Once it has determined it is running on a 32-bit system it ordain check the OS, and therefore check to see if it has admin rights. If it does not it testament check the os once more and determine if it is on XP of Vista. If it is on XP used a zero-day vulnerability in Win32k.sys, and use an escalation of privilege to restart itself in csrss.exe. If it is on Vista is uses a zero-day vulnerability in problem Scheduler, to escalate its privilege, and restart as any new task. Once it has the highest admin rights, Stuxnet will consequently call Export 16.Stuxnet 6Export 16 installs Stuxnet onto the sys tem and will also check the configuration data of the system. It will then check the registry value of NTVDM Trace, and if it is 19790509, it will not proceed. This is thought to be an infection marker, or a do not infect marker. If it is not set to this it will continue installation. Stuxnet then checks the date, if it is past 06/24/2012, it will exit and not install, this is Stuxnets kill switch date. It will then see if it is on XP or Vista. If on XP it will set the DACL, if on Vista it will set the SACL. It will then create its files, including its main payload file Oem7a.pnf. It then checks the date one more time, before decrypting its files and loading itself onto the disk, and then calling export 6 to get its version. It will then compare its version number with one on the disk, and then install its rootkit files, Mrxcls.sys and Mrxnet.sys. It will then hide all its malicious files, and infect any removable storage device, and then finally infects Step 7 projects.AttackICS ar e operated by specialized code on PLCs, which are often programmed from Windows computers that are not connected to any network. The creator would have needed the schematics of the ICS, to know which ones the worm should go after, so it is believed an insider, or an early version of Stuxnet, retrieved them. They would then create the latest version of Stuxnet, which each feature of it was implemented for a reason and for the final goal of the worm. The worm would then need to be tested on a mirrored environment to make sure the program worked correctly. The hackers needed signed certificates to allow Stuxnets drivers to be installed and to get them they would have had to physically go into the companies and takeStuxnet 7them. Once this was accomplished the worm would needed to be introduced into the environment of infection, and was do so by a willing or un-willing third party, such as a contractor of the systems, which was most likely done with a flash drive.Once injected into th e systems, Stuxnet would begin to spread in search of Windows computers used to program PLCs, which are called field PGs. Since these computers are not networked, Stuxnet would spread through LAN using a zero-day vulnerability, infecting Step 7 projects, and through removable storage. Once Stuxnet found a computer running Step 7, it would begin to check values from the ICS, determining if it was on the correct system. It would do this for 13 days to 3 months, and then wait two hours, before direct a network burst to the connected devices. These burst were the newly modified PLC code that contained instructs to change the frequency at which the devices operated on, making them operate outside of normal boundaries. Victims would not see the modified code, as Stuxnet hides its modifications by teaseing read and write commands. If someone sent a read command to the PLC, Stuxnet would intercept it, and if it was to read an infected section, Stuxnet would pull an unedited copy from itse lf, and send it to the person. If it was a write command, Stuxnet would make it seem like it went through. Though the attack caused more damage due to it spreading beyond the target onto outside computers, it is likely this was necessary to achieve their goal. It is believed the attackers accomplished their goal before they were discovered. Due to all this, Stuxnet is believed to be one of the most complex malicious software written to date.Stuxnet 8

Literature review of the puritan dilemma

Literature review of the puritan predicamentThis assignment is based on the review of the books The Puritan Dilemma The Story of John Winthrop Authored by Morgan, Edmund and the States A Concise History, Volume 1 To 1877 Authored by James A. Henretta and David Brody.Chapter 6According to the Puritans, what was governments role in society?The Puritans believed that the church building and government should pop off together to promote holiness and help raft to succeed some(prenominal) materially and spiritually. A government official had to be apart of the church. authorities was viewed as a proper agency for carrying out the churchs goals, even on family worship.Who were the Separatists? Where, in America, did they first settle? Did Winthrop agree with them? why/why non?The separates were the puritans who did not recognize the established church and others doubted that the England church was scriptural or its administrations was valid. In America, they settled in mom Bay. Winth rop did not agree with the separatists because their viewpoints were not in line with puritans believe that evil was everywhere. In addition, the separatists also jeopardise the relation with England.What, to Winthrop was the most compelling reason to leave England for America?Winthrop do the decision to move his family Ton America to escape religious prosecutions.The choose for the Massachusetts Bay Colony company did not specify a place for the component of the company (the owners/stockholders) to meet? why was this beta?The call for for the Massachusetts Bay Colony company did not specify a place for the member of the company (the owners/stockholders) to meet? wherefore was this important?It was important to keep it secrete from the board of governors in England.Did the colony prove to be a good concern investmentThey were as the company becomes fortunate as the company becomes the only successful company that was not under influence of board of governors in England. Als o they engaged in bu blurtessWhat was Winthrops attitude to call forth of shelters the Indians?Winthrop first perceived Indians to be a Gods curiosity only if latter changed his tune after they killed many whites.What was the role of immigration in the colonys survival?The role of their migration to the colony survival was void the coming war with France, gain wealth, escape the jurisdiction of the Virginia company, as well as entrust their purified Protestantism.What were the differences betwixt Presbyterians and Congregationalists?The difference between Presbyterianism and congregationalism is not all just about elders rule, tho whether the region of congregations need be ruled by a single bishop or just a congregation of presbyters. In other words, Presbyterianism performer rule by Presbytery.Chapter 7How did the definition of freemen of the colony change? Why was this important?To be a freeman was standardised to be granted the power of making decisions for your own. Minors for instance were not legally sibyllic to make any decision. Freemen were supposed to attend meetings in Plymouth town, however the solicit voted to give room for freemen to assemble in individual towns, as they were to deal de perpetrateies who were to attend court sessions in Plymouth. In addition, the freemen were to meet in Plymouth for the option of governor and the assistant, but the court voted to give room for proxy right to vote hence d wiz away with colony wide meetings of all freemen. This was much important as it allowed formal representative assembly holding.What was the family relationship between (Puritan) church membership and voting rights? Were voting rights in the colony much restrictive than in England, or less restrictive? Why?The relationship between church membership and voting rights was that, only freemen were allowed to vote. For the qualification one had to show visible means of support and the necessary level of organism responsible. The p opulation was strongly puritans and the small group leaders dominated its governance. These people were strongly influenced by puritan religion elders. Though the governors were elected, much(prenominal) like elections were limited to freemen, who had been examined for religious opinions. As a result, the colonial leadership set about intolerance to other religious group. The voting rights became more restrictive as the colony grew wider and more diversified. There was a time where property needfully excluded around 25% of the adult gents from voting. However the franchise remained still relatively open. The governmental systems of Plymouth also modified as the colony grew.Was the colony a theocracy? Why/why not?The government of the colony was just a mixture of twain theocratic as well as democratic. The Massachusetts bay colony was partly theocratic. This is because, it was believed by puritans that they had a convent with God for them to soma a community that will act as a sample to all other nations to copy from them. This is theocratic as every eubstance believed in it and worshiped a God who was to help them come up with such like a nation. In addition, the colonys franchise was extended to all adult males who were part and mail boat of the puritan congregation, as they never took into consideration, the views of other churches or non- religious people, both the Catholics and Jews were all hanged in Boston. Also, the church influenced. This shows theoretic thinking behind such like government, and how the church and God bear on most decisions of the colony and provided stress that established their governance.The Puritan Dilemma by Edmund Morgan8. Did Winthrop do to stabilize the colonys scrimping? To stabilize the colonys economy Winthrop practiced moderation which served to bring the colony successfully by dint of the years that sequestration posed threats to its mission and survival.9. What does Morgan say about the prudishness/drabness of the Puritans?Morgan says that despite the puritans having to devote most of their lives to god, they would eventually sin and falls short of his glory. He also says that despite the relentless perspiration by a puritan to refrain from sin he could end up sinning anyway. These show prudish puritans were.10. How did the psyche of a pledge with God affect Puritan thinking? How did this lead to the Puritan idea of the city on a hill?The puritan thinking was affected by the covenant with god such that he always has to put god as priority in their lives despite having pleasures of the earth god must always remain the main focus in a puritan life. This thinking made puritans to devote much part of their lives in finding a balance between life and god. The puritan idea of the city on the hill is derived from the belief that in order to gather the belief of others one must try to do good in a world of wrong doing and that one must moderate in actions he does so that he comes close to god by cosmos a shining star on a dark earth.11. Why was Separatism problematic for the colony, in Winthrops eyes?In Winthrops eyes separatism was seen as problematic for the colony because they were humble, living and respectful people but at same time they were defiant with a holy intransigence.Chapter 8What was the issue in which the people first expressed resentment in Winthrops governmentThe issue in which people first expressed displeasure with Winthrops government is his in ability to think critically about issues, quite he tend to take positions intuitively and justify it by argue in theLawyerly attitude of I told u so.In Chapter 8, what does Morgan pick up as Winthrops greatest weakness?In chapter eight the Morgan shows that Winthrops greatest mistake is what he describes as his inability to be severe enough in enforcing the laws of the state as he tends to take weeks before banishing those guilty of crimes in the society.How would you describe the theology of Roger W illiams? What was his view of the relationship between church and state?No puritan was not allowed to vote unless he as a member of the church hence Roger Williams can be described to counter the colony of the state on church in which he beliefs that they did wrong when they didnt conduct the views of the indigenous people but instead robbed them their land and started using church and state to reproof them.4. How did Ann Hutchinson get into trouble in the colony? Why did her beliefs seem dangerous to Winthrop and others?Anne Hutchinson got in trouble with the colony when she boldly begun preaching the doctrine of antinomianism which declares that a man is saved divine grace a lone and not by the help of his good works. Thus no matter how one lives wickedly his salvation doesnt not depend on it. Her belief seemed dangerous to Winthrop and others as they belief inn judgment through doing well hence countered their root of faith.5. Where did Hutchinson go after her trial? after(pre nominal) her trial Anne Hutchinson went to Rhodes islands and letter to Netherlands where she got killed in one of the attacks on the Dutch settlements by the Indians.6. What document was drafted by Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, Massachusetts? Why was it important?Nathaniel ward drafted the body of liberties which his model became preferred and then complied to form the criminals provisions of the body of liberties. He codified the Massachusetts in 1941.7. What was the Puritan dilemma?The dilemma of the puritans was the problem of doing right in a world that does wrong or equally same the being in the world but not of it, this dilemma challenged all every puritan throughout their lives.

Observation of Child with ADHD

Observation of Child with ADHDChilds ParticularsFull Name of Child Eileen Tay Yi torsk (Pseudonym)Chronological Are 6 Years, 1 Month (From Date of accumulation of Background Information)Gender FemaleRace ChineseCurrent var. (Standard) in School Kindergarten 2Background InformationEileen (pseudonym) lives with her family, consisting of her father and come, her 23 year-old step-br separate and a live-in domestic helper. According to the domestic helper, she appears to be closer to twain parents than her brother with she (Eileen) agreeing that she speaks to the parents more than than than she speaks to her brother.The family of 5 (including the stay-in domestic helper) stays in 3- fannyroom condo at South-Eastern Singapore. She first off started going to an early education facility at the age of 3, and is currently enrolled in 3 early education centres (Kumon, The erudition Lab, and EtonHouse), for enrichment classes and kindergarten.Based on the information given by her mother , Eileen enjoys going for classes and is on good legal injury with her t severallyers. She also expresses interest in Mathematics, though she (Eileen) has the touch sensation that she is weaker in that very subject itself. extension A, which is through with(p) or so 2 weeks before, which shows her mathematics worksheet macrocosm done with a perfect score, a even out which is consistent with the other worksheets shown during the data collection session.In the areas of spoken language and literacy, Eileen uses in the main English when communicating with her parents, peers and relatives, although she is also generally proficient in her vex Tongue (Mandarin), which is seen when in the worksheet that she completed (Annexe B) and what was seen when she is reading her storybooks. Eileen also attempts to speak equivalent her parents when engaging in conversation. Eileen is seen to have her strengths in language and literacy, as she is familiar(predicate) in simple English and is equal to provide simple fact-based answers roughly herself, like where she study, and her family information. Based on the developmental milestones by Chant (2013), Eileen has met the language and literacy developmental milestones of a 5-6 year old.Eileens socio-emotional development appear to be showdown the developmental milestones of her age group, as her parents claim that she is sociable, and that although sometimes got conflict before, exclusively after a while, they are back as friends again (sic). In Kumon, she is closer to 3 of her friends whom she has been in the same class for over 18 months (1.5 academic years). Annexe D shows the art that one of her friends did for Eileens 5th birthday a year ago. Also, Eileen has her own bedroom, and is able to make her own bed in the morning, after waking up, thereby meeting the socio-emotional milestone of being more independent and in charge of his/her behaviour (Child and Youth Health, 2010).Eileens mother also shared that she (Eileen) can accurately give the birthdates of some of her relatives that she is more familiar with, if given their names, although if she is given the birthdates, she may not be able to state whose birthday that is. Her inability to do so is in telegraph wire with the frys level of cognitive development, as Parke and Gauvain (2009) stated that the inability to reverse a series of mental steps is evident in many other responses of the child between 2 and 6 years old. She also has an caution bilk of approximately 10-15 proceeding, although her attendance span may be encompassing if she is engaged in something of her interest, and if Eileen was engaged in playing with toys of her particular interest, she would sustain very hooked onto it and that her parents experienced difficulty in getting her to salmagundi focus to some other activity or task. This is not part of the developmental norms that Schmitt (2012) mentioned, whereby a typically developing childs attention span should be 3-5 minutes of the childs age, which means that for Eileen, she should be able to have an attention span of approximately 18-30 minutes.Data Gathering PlanTechnique peerlessConducting an interview-based checklist adapted from pile Checklist for tutelage Deficit and Related DisordersDescription of Technique OneThe maestro Hill Checklist for Attention Deficit and Related Disorders is meant for t from each oneers to help Neurotherapy in evaluating the child in question on if he/she has Attention Deficit or other related disorders. The first section focuses more on Attention Deficit, and utilises a Likert Scale of 0-5, and requires the educator to rank the childs behaviours based on the trait being not present (0) to very severe (5).Only the first section of the checklist pass on be used, and it will be implemented by dint of interviewing Eileens mother. In addition, she will be asked to elaborate more on each of the items, by explaining and providing examples and descr iptions of what Eileen does. I will be noting down the response of Eileens mother, and a voice-recording will be done for later reference.Rationale of Technique OneBased on the background information collected, Eileen is seen to be performing salubrious in most areas of development. However, her attention span of 10 to 15 minutes, tally to the background information given by her mother, is lower that the age-appropriate developmental norm of Schmitts (2012) age-to-attention span ratio of 3-5 times the childs age. Also, as Eileens mother also mentioned that Eileen tended to be very hooked when doing an activity of her interest. This appearance of the lack of focus, while parents having trouble getting the child to divert his/her attention from what interests them (Smith and Segal, 2012) raises a possible danger of the child having Attention Deficit Disorder ( bring in). By interviewing Eileens mother, and understanding more about Eileens behaviour, it will give a better insight i nto if she is in fact at risk of ADD.Technique TwoConducting an Observation as a supplement to the interview-based checklist (Technique One)Description of Technique TwoAt least 2 observation records will be conducted, one running record, and another running record. These observation records will be done on devil separate occasions, with a minimum of 3 days in-between each observation session. The observation records will focus on Eileens attention span when she is doing her work, or at play. Environmental factors like the presence of noise and attitude activities, like people walking pass or the programmes airing on television, will be noted down.Rationale of Technique TwoAs Technique One only provides further information given by Eileens parents, the full picture of Eileens apparent lack of attention span may not be clear. Therefore, by observing Eileen, and her environment, while she is on her routine routines like having a meal, doing her work or watching television programmes , will provide a second picture of the possible causes of the short attention span that she has, since observing a child is useful in insulate the root of the problem, inclusive of the environment surrounding the child (LD Online, 2000). An analysis of the observations done will also conducted to have a better insight into the precept of her actions. This, together with Technique One, a clearer picture of where Eileens development in terms of attention will be seen, as well as if she is by chance at-risk of having ADD.ReferencesChild and Your Health. (2010). Child development 5-6 year old children. Retrieved from http//raisingchildren.net.au/articles/child_development_5-6_years_cyh.html/context/511Chant, R. (2013). developmental milestones of 5-6 year olds. Retrieved from http//starskills.net/blog/developmental-milestones/developmental-milestones-of-5-6-year-olds/Hill, Robert W. (n.d.) Hill checklist for attention deficit and related disorders. Retrieved from http//www.neurothera pydfw.com/pdf/ChildForm-Teacher26-23-08.pdfLD Online. (2000). untimely Intervention Observation of an individual child. Retrieved from http//www.ldonline.org/article/6048/Parke, R. D. and Gauvain, M. (2009). Child psychology A contemporary viewpoint. New York McGraw-HillSchmitt, B. D. (2010). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) How to help your child. Retrieved from http//www.cpnonline.org/CRS/CRS/pa_battentn_hhg.htmSmith, M. and Segal, R. (2010) ADD/ADHD in children. Retrieved from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/adhd_add_signs_symptoms.htmAnnexesAnnexe A MathematicsAnnexe B Language (Mandarin)Annexe C Socio-emotional

Evidence and Theories of Supermassive Black Holes

Evidence and Theories of Super quite a littleive ominous HolesSuper potbellyive non-white Holes atomic number 18 at the tickers of galaxies The evidence for their organism and the theories for their organic law and perfume on the evolution of galaxies.Supermassive shameful Holes are an area of astronomy that springiness been significantly studied and with thanks to the advance in technology, scientists welcome managed to better come across how they are organize and the mend they develop on the evolution of galaxies. It is foremost wise to look at the definition of what a low-spirited pickle out is compared to a Supermassive saturnine Holes. NASAs military personnel Book (2004) defines a stark hole as a region of space whose gravitational force is so laborious that nothing can duck from it. Scientists conceptualise that a Supermassive Black Hole break the same characteristics as a desolate hole, with the main difference organismness, as the name Supermassi ve extracts, the size of the black hole. umteen astronomers and scientists recall that a Supermassive Black Hole is the largest variety of black hole at heart a galaxy. What most commence also sweard is that as well as being the largest type of black hole, these Supermassive Black Holes can be be at the nerve centre of galaxies. This essay will in that locationfore look at the evidence for the exis exce of these Supermassive Black Holes, as well as theories for their administration and the effect they have on the evolution of galaxies.Firstly we should look at the evidence that suggests these Supermassive Black Holes exist at the centre of galaxies. Astronomers and scientists at stolon found it difficult to eject that black holes do exist in our galaxies. In 1916, Albert brain, one of the most well sockn physicists created his General relativity theory theory. Although his theory was first published in 1916, it could be seen to indicate in that location could be objec ts in space in which his theory applies to. The theory of Einstein would suggest that there could be an object that alters both space and time, so much so that not even light can escape from it. This is what many modern scientists accept that a black hole is. Many scientists believe that the gravitational force that comes from these black holes is far withal strong for anything to escape its pull, including light, which would then rationalise how these black holes appear invisible. To help prove the existence of this invisible force therefore, Theodore P. Snow (1991, p.514) suggests that the best chance of spotting a black holeis to look for an invisible object whose mass is too great to be anything else. Scientists have therefore looked at the movement of stars slightly this invisible object in approximately(prenominal) different galaxies, and thanks to these footstepments in 1914 the Hubble Space squeeze (2003,p.198) managed to determine the mass of the object to be sever al million times the size of the sun was present in the stars orbit. Scientists and astronomers believe that the only object that could have this effect on the stars orbit and have as high a mass would have to be a Supermassive Black Hole. The Telegraph in December 2008, reported that a free radical of scientists had spent the last 16 years studying whether there was a Supermassive Black Hole at the centre of our galaxy, in the Milky Way. As before they studied the stars orbit circling the invisible object and found that the mass seems to be about four millions times the size of the sun. This would therefore suggest that Supermassive Black Holes are at the centre of galaxies, including our own. Astronomers and Scientists therefore believe that if you measure the mass of a dark object and that it has a high mass in a small area of space it is most belike a Supermassive Black Hole.Once scientists and astronomers had seemed to provide substantial evidence to the existence of these Su permassive Black Holes, they did not stop their look in this area. Many sceptics believed that if these objects existed in our galaxy how did they appear? Thus scientists and astronomers continued to research Supermassive Black Holes and how they have been create. Kuhn and Koupelis (2001, p.496) state that astronomers predicted the existence of black holes in the 1930s when they realized that a stars mass may cause it to get onto beyond neutron degeneracy. This is an explanation for how black holes are formed, however the majority of astronomers and scientists believe there could be more than one explanation for how Supermassive Black Holes are formed. One model that scientists believe could explain the formation of these objects in our galaxy is looking at the archaeozoic years of the stars. This model looks at how the first stars were formed without a suited make-up which could have go awayed in them leaving behind what is known as black hole seeds. The idea that black hole s have been formed by these seeds has been studied in recent years with Volonteri, Haardt Madau (2003) believed that these black holes may have stemmed from seeds of the early stars, meaning Supermassive Black Holes could be millions of years old, which could explain how they are at the centre of our galaxies. some other model that looks to describe the formation of these Supermassive Black Holes is the idea that they are in fact formed paycapable to the collapse of a large ordnance clouds. These large gas clouds would collapse into a rotating neutron star of an extremely high mass, this star would be explosive ascribable it not containing the correct electron make-up and instead of a supernova explosion it would result in a Supermassive Black Hole as being its only remaining by-product. Haehnelt Rees (1993) studied this idea that the Supermassive Black Holes were formed due to the collapse of large gas clouds and have suggested that this model helps give a more modern unders tanding of how black holes are formed. Another model which has been suggested by a minority of researchers is the idea that Supermassive Black Holes are a by-product of the beginning of the galaxy, the lifesize Bang. These scientists believe that after the Big Bang, the pressure of the newly formed galaxy would be extremely high, so much so, that it could have resulted in areas of high density that would have formed black holes. They suggest that many of these black holes would not have lasted a long period of time as the galaxy was puffing, however some may still exist to this present day. According to J.PLuminet (1992, p.177) if this is the case, the galaxy would expand around the black hole leaving it and the centre of the galaxy.With researchers now able to provide evidence that Supermassive Black Holes do exist at the centre of our galaxies and being able to give different substantial evidence on the formation of these black holes, astronomers and scientists have also looked to explain how they have an effect on the evolution of galaxies. As we have seen, many researchers believe that there are Supermassive Black Holes at the centre of the galaxies. Researchers believe that roughly ten percent of the black holes contain high levels of ionised gas, which is released in inverse directions of the black hole. This is most likely to be released as kinetic energy. Astronomers believe that this would have an effect on how stars behave and play a alert role in the evolution of galaxies within the universe. For many years astronomers and scientists have been able to find a correlation among the mass of the Supermassive Black Holes and the galaxy it inhabits. In other words, many researchers believe that the size of the black hole does have an effect on the mass of that galaxy. More belatedly however researchers have managed to acquire some knowledge on how else a Supermassive Black Hole has an impact on its galaxy. Scientists have studied the whirlpool of t he black holes, as they believe this could result in the ionised gas being released from the black hole, which would then in turn control the product of the galaxy it is at the centre of. Another way that these Supermassive Black Holes could have an impact on the evolution of galaxies could be as a result of dickens black holes colliding. Researchers have tardily discovered what will witness when two Supermassive Black Holes collide with one another. The gravitational attraction between the two is believed to upset the stars positions environ the galaxies centre, but many researchers did not know whether the two would attract together to form one large supermassive black hole or whether they would repel from one another? Scientists have recently been able to answer this thanks to a collision that occurred between a large and small black hole. The results of the collision were as expected with the stars surrounding the centre being upset and altered. The question to whether they would form a larger black hole or repel was also answered, as the two became closer they repel and eject the black hole from its galaxy, sending it at high speeds across space surviving on its accretion record alone. According to Govert Schilling (2002, p.233) many researchers believe that thanks to this phenomenon that took place, they may be able to further explain formation of galaxies and their black holes, with further research and more advances in technology scientists and astronomers will continue to study Supermassive Black Holes.As we have seen from the proposed research put forward by various astronomers and scientists, it seems more than likely that Supermassive Black Holes do exist at the centre of our galaxies. Thanks to the research, they have helped in the understanding on how they exist, as being large invisible objects with an extremely large mass and large gravitational pull that is at the centre of every galaxy. As well as this, astronomers and scientists have also been able to explain how these objects could have formed in our galaxy, by looking at different models which include dying stars being turned into black holes millions of years ago, to models which suggest they are formed due to collapsing dense gas clouds. We have also seen researchers look at the impact such objects have had in our galaxies, and seen suggestions that these Supermassive Black Holes helped to create the way a galaxy looks, such as its stars positions and the galaxies mass. With further research and more advances in technology, the future could see more results into this area of astronomy, with researchers looking at a clearer definition to how these Supermassive Black Holes are formed and what effect they have on the evolution of the galaxies they inhabit.ReferencesAlleyne ,R. Proof that Albert Einsteins black holes do exist, claim scientists 2008, Telegraph, http//www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3690822/Proof-that-Albert-Einsteins-black-holes-do-exist -claim-scientists.htmlHaehnelt M. G., Rees M. J., 1993, MNRAS, 263, 168Kuhn, K.F, Koupelis, T. (2001) In Quest of the Universe., 3rd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc, London.Livio. M, Noll. K, Stiavelli, M. (2003) A Decade of Hubble Space Telescope Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.KLuminet, J.P. (1992) Black Holes Cambridge University Press, New YorkMcClintock, Jeffrey E. Black hole. World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. http//www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar062594.Schilling, G. (2002) Flash The Hunt for the Biggest Explosions in the Universe. Cambridge University Press, United acresSnow, T.P (1991) The Dynamic Universe An Introduction to Astronomy, 4th Ed. West Publishing Company, St. capital of MinnesotaVolonteri M., Haardt F., Madau P., 2003, ApJ, 582, 559Zeilik, M. (2002) Astronomy, The Evolving Universe 9th Edition, PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Cambridge, United Kingdom.Craig Jonathan Muir Matriculation 20080 4070 1

9 11 Essay :: September 11, 2001 Essay

On September 11, 2001 terrorists crashed two American airline airplanes into Twin Towers, killing thousands of people. It was the worst terrorist attack in American history and it showed us that we are not protected by Atlantic and Pacific. It showed us that we could be attacked by any one(a) at anytime. It showed us that if we testament be attacked again that we can only depend on each(prenominal) other and not on other nations to help us. The 9/11 changed people forever, some lost family members or friends, others lost their jobs up to forthwith so called American Dream. The September 11th attacks made us united as one actorful person who can stand up from the ruins of thousands pounds of metal and fight so that we wont substantiate to be in ruins again. In the recent videos Osama bin Laden and his colleagues are talking closely the power of Islam and the attacks on Twin Towers. It seems like Osama bin Laden and other radicals are ready for Jihad and they are ready to wi n. They say that Allah is on their perspective and people around the world want to learn more about Islam since the September 11th attacks. A good example was stool Walker, an American who was with Taliban army man when he was captured. He was studying Muslim traditions in Pakistan where he joined Taliban. The other day I was watching Dennis miller Live where I heard Dennis Miller talk about John Walker, he said that his parents should give him more then just spanking. This showed me that even today almost five months of 9/11 people serene talk about it.Our military campaigns in Afghanistan eliminated a regime that support terrorism and other violent groups. Today in Afghanistan there is no regime and the country is rebuilding it self from the ruins of Soviet war. John Ashcroft who is now the famous man on TV is probably the only one who takes the problem seriously. He said that he wants to check for people who have connections with the Alquida and its cells. But some people say its un war paintal to do that, but in 1700s or even 1800s terrorists did not attack America. That means that our finding fathers did not had to deal with Ottoman imperium nor their attacks because we were protected by oceans. Even in the old days constitution was not a factor for some people to do something meanspirited or illegal.

Buddhism Essay -- Religion Buddha Essays

Buddhism Gautama Buddha, previously known as Prince Siddhartha (before his enlightenment) founded the religion of Buddhism. Gautama Buddha was born to puff Maha-Maya at Kapilavastu, Nepal, Indian. Buddha taught and organized the Sangha, monastic orders, until his death at Kusinagara, at the succession of 80. at that place ar 308,000,000 Buddhist devotees in the world today. They believe that in that location has been Buddha before Him Bodhisattvas who get on as Saviors of all and that all beings are Buddha whether they lay down it or not. There are 4 cardinal events in the behavior of Buddha that represents 4 study pilgrimage centers for Buddhists His Birth at Kapilavastu, His Enlightenment at Bodhgaya, His First dissertation at Sarnath, and His Death at Kusinagara. There is a Gandhara style, frieze on stone, locate in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., that shows all 4 of these events. After horse parsley the Great conquered Afghanistan, Pakistan an d Kashmir, these areas, for the offset few centuries, were not allowed to portray images of Buddha. However, the Gandhara style, of the late second and early third century AD, derives from the Hellenistic and Roman style, so charitable to the Western taste. The Buddha coping, Gupta style, 5th century AD of Sarnath shows the faces combination of Buddha cognisance and artistic style with its balance of all the features.The fiction of Buddhas perceive Conception begins with the early Buddha still in the promised land of the Tusita gods, where He discrete to arise in the world. He was reminded, by deities, of his salt a course merit, saying to him fix in your next existence your high share as He died. Then he was conceived in the womb of queer Maha-Maya. At that very(prenominal) time during the Midsummer Festival, in the city of Kapilavastu, tycoon Maha-Maya, feel fast asleep(predicate) on the royal couch, and dreamed of four angels that came and move her up, couch and a ll, to the Himalayan Mountains, under a sal-tree. Wives of the guardian angels bathed her in Anotatta Lake, tog her in comprehend garments and flowers and anointed her with perfumes. Then they laid her down upon a nobleman couch, in a golden abode, at nearby currency Hill. The Future Buddha had become a white elephant wandering about on amber Hill. Upon reaching Silver Hill, he plucked a white sacred lotus and went into the golden mansion and walked around his mothers couch. Striking her on her side he ... ...intings blend into the environment. Such Confucian religious concepts of The look are as follows 1. TIEN Heaven the focal point of spiritual impudence and action. 2. TAO The Way the direction things are and are meant to be. 3. JEN Goodness the government agency of gravitas and generosity. 4. CHUN-TZU Gentleman the way of moral and spiritual etiquette. 5. LI Propriety the way things should be done. 6. TE Right Rule the way of government evokes respect. 7. wen Peace humanistic discipline the way of music, poetry and painting. 8. HSIAO Filial Piety the way of family respect and loyalty. 9. CHUNG YUNG concord the way between extremes.Confucius died in 479 BC and was conceal in a tomb at Shantung province where he was born. splendid stone rubbings pose been made from his tomb and Temple of Confucius nearby word picture him in his students robes and his gentle demeanor. During his life and after his death, numerous alternatives to Confucianism developed. It is no wonder, no one in the history of China has achieved so much respect and respect as Confucius. Buddhism Essay -- Religion Buddha EssaysBuddhism Gautama Buddha, previously known as Prince Siddhartha (before his enlightenment) founded the religion of Buddhism. Gautama Buddha was born to Queen Maha-Maya at Kapilavastu, Nepal, Indian. Buddha taught and organized the Sangha, monastic orders, until his death at Kusinagara, at the age of 80. There are 308,000,000 Buddhist devotees in the world today. They believe that there has been Buddha before Him Bodhisattvas who come as Saviors of all and that all beings are Buddha whether they realize it or not. There are 4 cardinal events in the life of Buddha that represents 4 major pilgrimage centers for Buddhists His Birth at Kapilavastu, His Enlightenment at Bodhgaya, His First Sermon at Sarnath, and His Death at Kusinagara. There is a Gandhara style, frieze on stone, located in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., that shows all 4 of these events. After Alexander the Great conquered Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir, these areas, for the first few centuries, were not allowed to portray images of Buddha. However, the Gandhara style, of the late 2nd and early 3rd century AD, derives from the Hellenistic and Roman style, so appe aling to the Western taste. The Buddha Head, Gupta style, 5th century AD of Sarnath shows the faces combination of Buddha awareness and artistic style with its balance of all the features.The story of Buddhas Divine Conception begins with the Future Buddha still in the heaven of the Tusita gods, where He decided to arise in the world. He was reminded, by deities, of his accumulated merit, saying to him Attain in your next existence your high destiny as He died. Then he was conceived in the womb of Queen Maha-Maya. At that very time during the Midsummer Festival, in the city of Kapilavastu, Queen Maha-Maya, feel asleep on the royal couch, and dreamed of four angels that came and lifted her up, couch and all, to the Himalayan Mountains, under a sal-tree. Wives of the guardian angels bathed her in Anotatta Lake, clothed her in divine garments and flowers and anointed her with perfumes. Then they laid her down upon a divine couch, in a golden mansion, at nearby Silver Hill. The Future B uddha had become a white elephant wandering about on Gold Hill. Upon reaching Silver Hill, he plucked a white lotus and went into the golden mansion and walked around his mothers couch. Striking her on her side he ... ...intings blend into the environment. Such Confucian religious concepts of The Way are as follows 1. TIEN Heaven the way of spiritual trust and action. 2. TAO The Way the way things are and are meant to be. 3. JEN Goodness the way of dignity and generosity. 4. CHUN-TZU Gentleman the way of moral and spiritual etiquette. 5. LI Propriety the way things should be done. 6. TE Right Rule the way of government evokes respect. 7. WEN Peace Arts the way of music, poetry and painting. 8. HSIAO Filial Piety the way of family respect and loyalty. 9. CHUNG YUNG Harmony the way between extremes.Confucius died in 479 BC and was buried in a tomb at Shantung province where he was born. Beautiful stone rubbings have been made from his tomb and Temple of Confucius nearby depicting him in his scholars robes and his gentle demeanor. During his life and after his death, many alternatives to Confucianism developed. It is no wonder, no one in the history of China has achieved so much reverence and respect as Confucius.

Men and Women in Nontraditional Sports as Portrayed in Film Essay

Men and Women in Nontraditional Sports as Portrayed in FilmWomen and men play various blusters because they as Americans want to bear the excitement of vie for athletics, and doing something they love. The idea of what men and women can do for gambling in sports has been shaped by the American union in galore(postnominal) different ways through the media, schooling and education, and professional sports organizations. America portrays women playing field hockey and doing synchronized swimming while men do boxing, and body building. If a cleaning lady chooses to do boxing because to her it is fun and if a man chooses synchronized swimming because he likes it, they face many pagan costs and social welfares of choosing this sport. Society does not like change and holds female athletes up to ideals such as being beautiful, graceful, and healthy. Male athletes are held to ideals such as strong, aggressive, and powerful. People who choose to play non-traditional sports risk being judged by society as unnatural and homosexual, instead of being viewed as an athlete who is extra and unique, they are often subjected to unwanted sexual advances and assumptions. The benefit of doing an untraditional sport is that you are able to do something you love. As a result of tidy sum who do non-traditional sports, they open the doors for future generations of women and men who might want do play an non-traditional sport. The movie, Pumping Iron II is an example of women doing bodybuilding which is considered a non-traditional sport. Images of mesomorphic women are viewed by some people as threatening and imitating. The benefit of this non-traditional sport is that it forces us to question our thoughts about women and what they are. We must ask, what is a woman? Bodybuildi... ...ach step in athletics for women is a fight. Title IX did not solve all the problems as colleges and schools across the country have an tinct number of sports for men and women. Over time womens athletics have acquired this compass that is negative and often times drives women away from playing sports at all. We take to change this negative image so more women will be conformable doing the sports they love. Women playing un-traditional sports are a start in this process. on with the cost of playing non-traditional sports that are sometimes harmful, there will be a benefit no matter the consequences. The benefit of women playing freely, without the revere of being judged or hurt by other people is a benefit that is superior than all the obstacle women go through. It is my hope that someday women will be able to play freely, and in hopes in having fun playing the game.

Vinegar :: essays research papers fc

VinegarChris Nacey authorship 101 Final draft 2-19-1997     When I was a child, I fatigued a lot of time in the kitchen with my arrest.She liked to cook and so did I. Because of this, I learned my way round thekitchen. I knew the place for everything, and I knew the uses of mosteverything. There was only one paradox, in my knowledge of the kitchen vinegar.My mother had one bottle of vinegar for as long as I can remember. She neverused it in cooking, or taught me how to for that matter. Our bottle of snowyWine Vinegar sat in our cupboard on the tin shelf, enigmatically, untouched,detached. I knew that my mother wouldnt have it without reason. It was in thekitchen, so I reason that it must be some sort of, rarely used, cookingstaple. I would never have guessed then that vinegar had so numerous uses.      scantily the other day, I was in the mall visiting a chum that works atFrankincense and Myrrh. While there, I happened upon some bottl es that caughtmy eye. They were engaging looking ornamental bottles. Each one was filledwith mysterious, colored liquids the colors varied from red to brown to yellow.In the liquids were berries, sprigs of herbs, and things of the such. Ithought they looked interesting, so I picked up a bottle that I recognized ashaving sage in it. I took a look at the label. On the label were listed theingredients sage, rosemary, and southernwood leaves. When I read the front ofthe bottle, I was surprise to find that I was looking at an herbal vinegar fuzzrinse. Before this I never knew that such a thing existed. afterwards my experienceat the mall, I became aware that vinegar didnt just hold up in the kitchen.This intrigued me. I decided to find out more near vinegar and its uses.     Nobody knows the exact origins of vinegar, but there are many storiesand beliefs surrounding this strange liquid.(Oster 3) The Roman Army wasrecorded to have combine vinegar with water to mak e a sort of Gatorade for thesoldiers. In the ordinal and nineteenth century United States, similardrinks known as "shrubs" or "switchels" were made by field laborers. To makethese drinks, they mixed either crop juices or water, with sometimes salt, andfruit-flavored vinegars.(Oster 4) The earliest recorded use of vinegar, however,was in Babylonia around 5,000 B.C. There, it was typically made from dates, andcommonplace as a medicine.(Oster 3)     Throughout history, vinegar has been used medicinally.

Photographic Influence on Degas Work :: Art

Photographic Influence on Degas WorkWhat, if either impact did photography play in the role of arts evolution, in particular, what impact did photography guide in the works of the impressionist painters. Two obviously conflicting opinions become by means of texts by Aaron Scharf and Kirk Vanerdoe. Scharf argues that the impact of snapshot photography and the invention and extensive distri thation of portable cameras had a significant work on on the works of the painter Degas. Vanerdoe takes the opportunity to question what makes an work out significant, and tends to see the creation of Impressionism stem from earlier art movements. Then comes the question, what, if any arguments are valid, what arguments are opinions and what can be sieved down to fact. The truth of it alone is that many of these opinions that are displayed can neither be proved nor disproved, and because any analysis must be taken with a metric grain of salt. However it appears as though Vanerdoe has taken the less hospitable route, resulting at times to personal attacks, as well as blanket statements of which may non answer a question raised by Scharf, but rather simply a personal attack. It is in these statements we see a very passionate Vanerdoe, but also lose faith in his ability to keep together a reasoned and structured argument. Vanerdoes beginning argument for example, this line of thinking however is inaccurate and tawdry the basis for his essay, and way of thinking to come. It is from this we see Vanerdoe undertake and reason that, photographical work on isnt substantial enough, yet no attempt at delineate substantial has been made, that consequently leads me to conclude that, substantiality in the case of Vanerdoes essay must continue as a buzz- article. I would asses the word substantial as the dictionary does Considerable in importance and therefore Vanerdoe considers that the photographic influence is not considerable in importance. What levels of significance an d so does photography play in the role of art work of Impressionism and in particular Degas?So one would then at this point, try and define, to ones self exactly what constitutes a substantial impact. I would put prior that a substantial impact would be one, which remnants are visible through the completed work. Substantiality would then be based on whether or not the aesthetic or meaning of the photograph still influences. indeed I decree that substantiality can be undervalued, but not overvalued. That would send me in the direction of Scharfs argument.

Patient Safety Incident (PSI) Essay -- Resident Care

Living in a care station a great deal matters in residents becoming less independent with respect to their magnate to transaction their rights and responsibilities. Some care home r kayoedines restrain residents. For instance, care homes sometimes practise cot-sides or cocoon beds, which are knowing to reduce go only if are oftentimes ineffectual with demented residents, who tend to get up oer the rails and fall from a great height. In addition, residents often breach problems such as pressure sores, incontinence, muscle wastage and worsened cordial conditions due to the utilize of such beds. This paper describes the Patient Safety calamity (psi) designed for Hollybrook (HB) care home, at which I work as a professed(prenominal) care worker. The first part of the paper explores the development systems in usance at HB and it argues that Patient Safety Incident (PSI) is a result of adverse events that tend to be more organisational than clinical in their aetiology . From an organisational perspective, PSI records help one to understand the causes of errors relating to communication, teamwork and care process design, in a way that is different to that of clinical epidemiology. This part of the paper outlines the information require to manner and organise records in order to make it easier for faculty to use them. These records list the contact details of residents, their Medical political science genius (MAR) and adventure/ possibility records. Designing the record around the database makes it easier for staff to sort out and identify, for example, all residents who are taking controlled medications or whose risk estimation inescapably closer observation by internal staff. A database action pull up stakes also help HB to reduce the overall burden of the handed-down paper method and will e... ...nce an incident that may non be seen as such by staff working in the said(prenominal) environment but, if the staffs have frequently witness that the same incident come out they may stop reporting the incident. However, database applications programme system discount tho charting time which could be utilized to provide care to residents. Administration prevail like medical records, risk sagaciousnesss, daily reports and coding requires documentations from the gain users electronic medical record database to enhance the EHR, which link the EHR data with databases containing alike(p) assessment information from external healthcare systems. If the database is not similar as to what some other healthcare systems use, it is impossible to share information from EHR database with other clinical application systems. Works Cited1. EBRAHIM,A (2011) NAMIBIAN EDUCATION CENTRE, NAMIBIA Patient Safety Incident (PSI) experiment -- Resident Care Living in a care home often results in residents becoming less independent with respect to their ability to exercise their rights and responsibilities. So me care home routines restrain residents. For instance, care homes sometimes use cot-sides or cocoon beds, which are designed to reduce falls but are often ineffectual with demented residents, who tend to climb over the rails and fall from a great height. In addition, residents often develop problems such as pressure sores, incontinence, muscle wastage and worsened mental conditions due to the use of such beds. This paper describes the Patient Safety Incident (PSI) designed for Hollybrook (HB) care home, at which I work as a professional care worker. The first part of the paper explores the information systems in use at HB and it argues that Patient Safety Incident (PSI) is a result of adverse events that tend to be more organisational than clinical in their aetiology. From an organisational perspective, PSI records help one to understand the causes of errors relating to communication, teamwork and care process design, in a way that is different to that of clinical epidemiology. Th is part of the paper outlines the information required to sort and organise records in order to make it easier for staff to use them. These records list the contact details of residents, their Medical Administration Record (MAR) and accident/incident records. Designing the record around the database makes it easier for staff to sort out and identify, for example, all residents who are taking controlled medications or whose risk assessment needs closer observation by internal staff. A database application will also help HB to reduce the overall burden of the traditional paper method and will e... ...nce an incident that may not be seen as such by staff working in the same environment but, if the staffs have frequently witness that the same incident occur they may stop reporting the incident. However, database application system can save charting time which could be utilized to provide care to residents. Administration function like medical records, risk assessments, daily report s and coding requires documentations from the service users electronic medical record database to enhance the EHR, which link the EHR data with databases containing standardized assessment information from external healthcare systems. If the database is not similar as to what other healthcare systems use, it is impossible to share information from EHR database with other clinical application systems. Works Cited1. EBRAHIM,A (2011) NAMIBIAN EDUCATION CENTRE, NAMIBIA

Populist Party :: American History Politics Essays

democrat PartyThe Populist Party, a third political party that originated in America in the latter part of the nineteenth century, derived as a result of husbandman discontent and economic distress. This was caused by the countrys shift from an agricultural American invigoration to one in which industrialists dominated the nations development. The public felt as if they were world cheated by these robber barons, a term given to those who took advantage of the bosom and lower classes by boldly stealing the fruits of their toils (Morgan, 30). These corporate tycoons conduct was legal, still ethically dubious it was. Cornelius Vanderbilt, a well-known railroad baron, reportedly in one case said, Law What do I care about the law? Haint I got the power? (Morgan, 30) The change from agrarian to industrial had a profound do on everyones life. Ignatius Donnelly, a leader in the Populist Party wrote, We outfit in the midst of a nation brought to the verge of moral, political, and mater ial ruin. decadency dominates the ballot-box, the Legislatures, the Congress, and touches even the ermine of the bench . . . A vast conspiracy against human beings has been organized (Tindall, 957). As a result of this significant transformation, along with some(prenominal) different perspectives of peoples mores, several reform movements were commenced, such as prohibition, socialism, and the Greenback sedulousness Party. Each of these movements was launched by different coalitions in hopes of making a rest either for themselves or for the good of the country. The farmers, specifically, were unhappy for four particular reasons animal(prenominal) problems, social and intellectual concerns, economic difficulties, and political frustrations. The physical concerns the climate of the eon period. Following 1885, there was a large drought on the American prairie, thus causing this land to become known as the trunk Bowl. Furthermore, there were extreme blizzards resulting in innume rable deaths of cattle and livestock. Also, farms were very single out causing the women and children to lead a life of solitude and boredom. They demanded change. In fact, the women were the ones to extend libraries and other meeting places for themselves and their children. This isolation made schooling for children quite difficult. some kids who lived on the farm did not receive a proper education, or one of any kind for that matter. Farmers economic problems are more intricate. Events amaze the farmer. They believed that deflation was the cause of their problem.

growaw Personal Growth and Death of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

The Awakening Personal Growth and Death The Awakening is a novel about the growth of a woman becoming her profess person in spite of the expectations society has for her. The book follows Edna Pontellier as she struggles to ascertain her identity. Edna knows that she can non be happy filling the role that society has created for her. She did not mean that she could break from this pattern because of the pressures of society. As a result she ends up fetching her own life. However, readers should not sympathize with her for taking her own life. Edna Pontellier was on her agency to an awakening. She realized during the book, she was not happy with her position in life. It is apparent that she had never really been fully unaware However, because her own summary of this was some secern of blissful ignorance. Especially in the years of life before her pertly appearing independence, THE READER SEES HOW she has never been content with the way her life had cancelled out. For examp le she admits she hook up with Mr. Pontellier out of convenience rather than jockey. EDNA knew he sleep with her, but she did not love him. It was not that she did not know what love was, for she had BEEN INFATUATED BEFORE, AND BELIEVED IT WAS love. She consciously chose to marry Mr. Pontellier even though she did not love him. When she falls in love with Robert she regrets her decision TO MARRY Mr. Pontellier. HOWEVER, readers should not sympathize, because she was the one who set her own trap. She did not love her husband when she married him, but SHE never once ADMITS that it was a bad decision. She attributes all the problems of her trades union to the way IN WHICH SOCIETY HAS defined the roles of men and women. She does not endure ANY OF THE BLAME, AS HER OWN. The only other example of married life, in the book, is Mr. and Mrs. Ratignolle, who portray the traditional role of married men and women of the time. Mr. Pontellier also seems to be a typical man of society. Edna, ON THE OTHER HAND, was not A TYPICAL WOMAN OF SOCIETY. Mr. Pontellier knew this but OBVIOUSLY HAD NOT ALWAYS. This shows IS APPARENT in the complete lack of constructive communication between the two. If she had been able to reveal with her husband they may have been able to work OUT THEIR PROBLEMS, WHICH king HAVE MADE Edna MORE SATISFIED WITH her life.

Things Fall Apart Essay example -- essays research papers

Chinua Achebes Things transcend Apart shows an odd similarity amidst the cultures of Ancient Greece and the Lower Niger. Despite the fact that two societies ass personify during different periods of time and have conflicting cultural values, their stories and behavior can have surprising overlaps. Things Fall Apart is structured like a classical Tragedy in its use of a chorus and in the presence of a tragic hero whose actions ultimately lead to his downfall.The Egwugwu from Things Fall Apart act like the chorus in a classic Tragedy, such as Antigone. These figures, the elders of society who speak in behalf of the spirits, argon impart to provide background information and extra news It is imperative for the auditory sense to know of this information for them to follow plot development. In both situations, these groups are the elders of the culture. A member of the Egwugwu tells Okonkwo to not take part in the kill of Ikemefuna, but Okonkwo disobeys the order and slays Ikemef una himself. Just as the chorus of a Greek Tragedy relays the messages of the gods to the citizens of the town, during certain rituals, the Egwugwu convey the teachings of important spirits. Their influence is displayed when they hear the lesson of Uzowulu, who is soon forced to beg his wife to return to him. This shows that the orders of the Egwugwu are everlastingly followed, weather the citizens want to or not. These teachings and directions are not alterable, and must forever be obeyed.Like the heroes of Greek Tragedy, Okonk...

New Classics of the Horror Film Genre Essay -- Pleasures of Horror Fil

Dracula. Frankenstein. Godzilla. These monsters no longer strike fear into the hearts of viewers as they once did. Formerly the villains of the classic monster icon, these relics, who now playact all that is archaic in crime film history. The monster movie of the past makes way for the thriller or slasher movie of the present, while the monster villain gives its role to the deranged, psychotic ensuant cause of death. Friday the 13th series, nightmare on elm Street, Copycat and Seven have become the new classics in the literary genre of the horror film. With films like The People Under the Stairs, Nightmare on elm Street, and innovative Nightmare, Wes Craven has proven himself to be a master of the population of modern horror films. With recent masterpiece anticipate, Craven shows his audience that he is not restricted by the typical conventions of the horror film. In nearly of these films, the background is set up before the killer does any real slashing. However in Screa m, Drew Barrymores character is tormented by the killer from the films very beginning and both she and her boyfriend are dead less(prenominal) than ten minutes aft(prenominal) the opening credits. Craven manages to make Scream a film of less fluff and more substance than more or less thrillers. Recurring themes in the film, such as the lack of teens seriousness, the callous temperament of todays younger generation, the crossover and confusion between reality and movies, and the negative image of television media not only add to the films entertainment value, but excessively often portray a fairly accurate picture of 20th century America.Despite all the films blood and gore, Craven creates a comedic step so successfully that at times the audience wonders whether Scream world poweriness be a comedy after all. Even though the caoutchouc of their small town has been shattered by a deranged serial killer, the characters do not seem to take the situation very seriously. The brin y characters are eating lunch at school the day after the first murders and, as might be expected, the killings make up the national of their conversation. At one point, the character Randy turns to Tatem, and in a convince imitation of Billy Crystal, he asks her, Did they really find her liver in the mailbox? Because I heard they found her liver in the mailbox. Tatem and Sidney, the other female present and the movies main character, cringe at this tasteless remark. Tatem... ...ssuring that we tarry productive m mbers of society (King 500). So, perhaps if you are in urgency of this type of therapy, or in search of an offbeat study in American popular culture, all that you need is a good horror film. Rent Scream or go to a movie field of view to see the sequel. You will probably be surprised by what you see, and you might even be impressed.Works Cited Craven, Wes. Interview. Fresh Air. National Public Radio. KQED, San Francisco. 16 February 1998.King, Stephen. Why We Crave Hor ror Movies.? Common Culture. Petracca, Michael and Madeleine Sorapure, eds. Upper Saddle River prentice Hall, 1995.Pinedo, Isabel Cristina. Recreational Terror Women and the Pleasures of Horror Film Viewing. Albany State University of New York Press, 1997.Works Consulted Grant, Barry Keith, editor. Planks of Reason Essays on the Horror Film. London The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1984.Newman, Kim. Nightmare Movies. New York Harmony Books, 1988. Riptov, S.A. Kidnapped Corpus Whasamat Univ. Press, 1984Scream. Dir. Wes Craven. With David Arquette, Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, Skeet Ulrich, and Drew Barrymore. Dimension Films, 1997.